Term
| what is the definition of stress? |
|
Definition
| a negetive emotional state occuring in response to events that are percieved as taxing or exceeding a persons resources or ability to cope |
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Term
| how does the cognitive appraisal of the event and one's resources influence whether something is special? |
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Definition
| if we think we have adequate resources to deal with a situation it will probably create little to no stress? |
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Term
| what is the definition of health psychology? |
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Definition
| the branch of psychology that studies how biological, behavioral, and social factors influence health,illness, medical treatment, and health-related behaviors. |
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Term
| what type of issues do health psychologists deal with? |
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Definition
| how to promote health enhancing behaviors, how people respond to being ill, how people respond in the patient-health practitioner relationship, and why some people dont follow medical advice. |
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Term
what is the underlying belief of the biopsychosocial model?
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Definition
| health and illness are determined by the complex interaction of biological factors, psychological and behaviorial factors, and social conditions. |
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Term
| what is the definition of stressors? |
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Definition
| events or situations that are percieved as harmful, threatening, and social factors. |
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Term
| why is the life event approach a poor predictor of stress in the lives of individuals? |
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Definition
| the link between the scores and the development of psychological disorders is weak, does not take into account a persons ability to appraise and adjust to an event, states that change good or bad causes stress. |
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Term
| what is the definition of daily hassels? |
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Definition
| everyday minor events that annoy and upset people. |
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Term
| why are daily hassels likely to have a negetive effect on an individual? |
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Definition
| because they have a cumulative effect. |
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Term
| what is the definition of conflict? |
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Definition
| a situation in which a person feels pulled between two or more opposing desires, motives, or goals. |
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Term
| what are the three types of conflicts and there examples? |
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Definition
approach and avoidance (like good avoid bad)
approach-approach(win-win situation)
avoidance-avoidance(both bad) |
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Term
| what is the general adaptation syndrome? |
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Definition
| selyes term for the three-stage progression of physical changes that occur when an organism is exposed to intense and prolonged stress. |
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Term
| what are the labels of the three stages of the syndrome and what are the characteristics of each stage? |
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Definition
alarm stage- intense arousal
resistance stage- body tries to resist or adjust
exhaustion stage- irreversable intense arousal. |
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Term
| how does intense stress affect the immune system? what about chronic stress? |
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Definition
| both reduce immune sytem functioning |
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Term
| how does stress affect the time it takes to heal from an injury? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are examples of how stress affects the immune immune system and increases susceptability to infection? |
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Definition
| people who experience chronic stressors are more likely to develope colds |
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Term
| what is a sense of personal control? how does a persons personal control affect a person's response to stress? |
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Definition
a persons ability to control a stressful situation.
peole who have more control reduces the impact of the stressor. |
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Term
| what are the two types of personal control? how does each explain stress situations? what are the health consequences to each style? |
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Definition
optimistic and pessimistic
explain as not as bad could get better or negative
optimistic people are healthier |
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Term
| what are the characteristics of the type A behavior pattern? |
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Definition
| sense of time urgency, hostility, and competition. |
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Term
| what characteristic has research shown to be most closely related to the development of heart disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the definition of social support? |
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Definition
| the resources provided by other people in times of need. |
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Term
In what ways does social support benefit health and improve the ability to cope with stressors?
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Definition
| modify our appraisal of stressors, support decreases the physical reaction to the stressor, support can improve health by making us less likely to experience negative emotions. |
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Term
| what are the types of social support and there examples? |
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Definition
emotional-concern empathy, positive regard
tangible- direct assistance
informational- giving advice |
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Term
| what are supportive behaviors that are likely to be percieved as helpful? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are behaviors that are not likely to be percieved as helpful? |
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Definition
| giving unrequested advice, talking about your own problems, saying you know how they feel |
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Term
| what is the definition of coping? |
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Definition
| behavioral and cognitive responses used to deal with stressors |
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Term
| what is the definition of problem-focused coping and what would be an example? |
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Definition
| coping efforts primarily aimed at directly changing or managing a threatening or harmful stressor. cleaning up after a natural disaster |
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Term
| what is the definition of emotion-focused coping and what is an example? |
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Definition
| coping efforts primarily aimed at relieving or regulating the emotional impact of a stressful situation. coping after the death of a loved one |
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Term
| what is the typical coping response of a person raised in an individualistic culture and why? |
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Definition
| problem-focused strategies. because of the emphasis on on the importance and value of exerting control over their circumstances. |
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Term
| what is the typical coping response of a person raised in a collectivistic culture and why? |
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Definition
| emotion-focused. because of the emphasis on controlling your personal reactions to a stressful situation rather than controlling the situation |
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Term
| what are the ways a person can minimize the negative effects of stress and what would be an example of each? |
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Definition
avoid or minimize use of stimulants- coffee soda cigarettes
exercise regularly- walking swimming running
get enough sleep- naps 8 hours a day
prractice a relaxation technique- meditation muscle relaxation |
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Term
| what is the definition of psychopathology? |
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Definition
| the scientific study of the origins, symptoms, and development of psychological disorders. |
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Term
| why is the difference between "crazy" and "normal" behavior a matter of degree? |
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Definition
| because it depends on how a behavior is viewed such as checking to see if a lock is locked is normal but checking it 50 times is crazy |
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Term
| how is social stigma connected to psychological disorders? |
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Definition
| because the way psychological disorders are viewed would keep someone from seeking treatment. |
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Term
| what is the definition of a psychological disorder? |
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Definition
| a pattern of behavior and psychological symptoms that causes significant personal distress, impairs the ability to function in one or more important areas of life, or both |
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Term
| what is the definition of anxiety? |
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Definition
| an unpleasent emotional state characterized by physical arousal and feelings of tension, apprehension, and worry |
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Term
| when does normal anxiety help someone adapt to a threatening situation? |
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Definition
| it motivates a person to change the situation |
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Term
| what is the definition of pathological anxiety disorder? |
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Definition
| irrational, uncontrolable, and disruptive anxiety |
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Term
| what distinguishes an anxiety disorder from normal anxiety? |
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Definition
| if the anxiety is constant or not |
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Term
| what is the definition of generalized anxiety disorder or (GAD)? |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder characterized by excesive, global, and persistent symptoms of anxiety. |
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Term
| what is the definition of a panic attack? |
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Definition
| a sudden episode of extreme anxiety that rapidly escelates in intensity. |
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Term
| what is a panic disorder? |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder in which the person experiences frequent unexpected panic attacks. |
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Term
| how is a panic attack different from generalized anxiety disorder? |
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Definition
| GAD is always occuring. panic attacks are violent and sudden. |
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Term
| how does the vicious cycle of cognitive-behavioral theory of panic disorder explain it? |
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Definition
| says that people misinterpret the physical signs of arousal as catastrophic and dangerous |
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Term
| what is the definition of phobia? |
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Definition
| a strong or irrational fear of a specific object or situation that interferes with the ability to function in daily life |
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Term
| why might having a phobia not be considered a psychological disorder? |
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Definition
| because everyone has fears |
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Term
| what is the definition of specific phobia? |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder characterized by an extreme and irrational fear of a specific object or situation that interferes with the ability to function in daily life |
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Term
| what is the definition of agoraphobia? |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of experiencing a panic attack in a public place and being unable to escape or get help |
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Term
| what is the definition of social phobia? |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations |
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Term
| how is social phobia different from agoraphobia? |
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Definition
| agoraphobics fear panic attacks not being embarrased |
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Term
| how can classical conditioning explain the development of a phobia? |
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Definition
| that you can be traumatized such as being bitten that would make fear of dogs a learned response |
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Term
| how can operant conditioning explain the development of a phobia? |
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Definition
| operant conditioning would cause someone to avoid something altogether. |
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Term
| how can observational learning explain the development of a phobia? |
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Definition
| we can observe a persons reaction to a stimulus and then learn to avoid the stimulus |
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Term
| what is the definition of post traumatic stress syndrome and what are the core symptoms? |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder in which chronic and persistent symptoms of anxiety develop in response to an extreme physical or psychological trauma. frequent recollection of event, numbing of emotional response, increased physical arousal. |
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Term
| what is the definition of obsessive compulsive disorder? |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder in which the symptoms of anxiety are triggered by intrusive, repetitive thoughts and urges to perform certain actions. |
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Term
| what is the definition of obsession? what are some common obsessions? |
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Definition
| reapeted, intrusive, and uncontrollable irrational thoughts and urges to perform certain actions. contamination, violent or sexual thoughts, pathological doubt |
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Term
| what is the definition of compulsion?what are some common compulsions? |
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Definition
| repetitive behaviors or mental acts that are performed to prevent or reduce anxiety. washing, checking, counting symmetry and precision |
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Term
| what is the definition of mood disorder? |
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Definition
| a category of mental disorders in which significant and persistent disruptions in mood or emotions cause impaired cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning. |
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Term
| what is the difference between normal mood swings and those of a mood disorder? |
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Definition
| mood disorders are constant mood swings switch drastically |
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Term
| what is the definition of major depression? |
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Definition
| a mood disorder characterized by extreme and persistent feelings of despondency, worthlessness, and hoplessness, causing impaired emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning. |
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Term
| what are examples of each of the four categories of major depression symptoms? |
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Definition
emotional-feeling of sadness, hoplessness, helplessness, guilt, emptiness, or worthlessness.
cognitive-difficulty thinking, concentrating, or remembering.
behavioral-dejected facial experession.
physical-insomnia. |
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Term
| what is the definition of dysthymic disorder? |
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Definition
| a mood disorder involving chronic, low-grade feelings of depression that produce subjective discomfort but do not seriouly impair the ability to function |
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Term
| how is dysthymic disorder different from major depression? |
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Definition
| it doesnt impair ability to function like major depression |
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Term
| why is major depression refered to as " the common cold" of psychological disorders? |
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Definition
| its the most common of all psychological disorders |
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|
Term
| what is the definition of seasonal affective disorder (SAD)? |
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Definition
| a mood disorder in which episodes of depression typically occur during the fall and winter and subside during the spring and summer |
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|
Term
| what is the definition of bipolar disorder? |
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Definition
| a mood disorder involving periods of incapacitating depression alternating with periods of extreme euphoria and excitement. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a sudden, rapidly escalating emotional state characterized by extreme euphoria, excitement, physical energy, and rapid thoughts and speech |
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Term
| what is the definition of cyclothymic disorder? |
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Definition
| a mood disorder characterized by moderate but frequent mood swings that are not severe enough to qualify as bipolar disorder |
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Term
| what do twin studies reveal about genetic predisposition to inheriting a mood disorder? |
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Definition
| that major depression and bipolar disorder tend to run in families |
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Term
| how is stress related to developing a mood disorder? |
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Definition
| stressful and traumatic events can trigger psychological disorders such as depression |
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Term
| what are the key features that define anorexia nervosa? |
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Definition
| excesive loss of weight, an irrational fear of gaining weight, and distorted body self-perception |
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Term
| how is bulimia nervosa different from anorexia nervosa? |
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Definition
bulmics binge eat then force thereselves to vomit.
anorexics dont eat period |
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Term
| how are healthy personality traits different from a personality disorder? |
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Definition
| healthy personality traits can change, personality disorders can not. |
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Term
| how are personality traits and how stable are personality disorders? |
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Definition
traits- stable
disorders- unstable |
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Term
| what are the core characteristics of the paranoid personality disorder? |
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Definition
| pervasive distrust and suspiciouness of the motives of others without sufficient basis |
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Term
| what are the core characteristics of the antisocial personality disorder? |
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Definition
| pervasive patterns of disregarding and violating the rights of others |
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Term
| what are the core characteristics of the borderline personality disorder? |
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Definition
| instability of interpersonal relationships, self-imaging, and emotions, and marked impulsivity |
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|
Term
| what is the definition of schizophrenia? |
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Definition
| a psychological disorder in which the ability to function is impaired by severely distorted beliefs, perceptions, and thought processes |
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Term
| what are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia? what would an example of each be? |
|
Definition
delusion- false belief
hallucination- seeing or hearing things not there
disorganized thought processes- difficulty concentrating |
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Term
| what are some negative symptoms of schizophrenia and examples of each? |
|
Definition
flatt affect- unresponsive facial expressions in situations
alogia- verbal responses are limited to brief empty comments.
avolition- inability to initiate or persist in even simple forms of goal directed behaviors. |
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Term
| how is paranoid schizophrenia different from catatonic schizophrenia and disorganized schizophrenia? |
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Definition
| its more common and has more organized behaviors |
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|
Term
| what are the three types of schizophrenia? |
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Definition
| paranoid, catatonic, and disorganized |
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Term
| what are the gender differences between men and women with regard to suicide attempts and suicide completions? |
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Definition
| women attempt more than men but men are more successful |
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Term
| what are some risk factors associated with suicidal behavior? |
|
Definition
feelings of hoplessness and social isolation
recent relationship problems or a lack of significant relationships
poor coping and problem solving skills |
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Term
| why do people attempt or commit suicide and what is known about the thinking and perception of a suicidal person? |
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Definition
| to escape the stressful situation they are in. their view of life becomes pessimistic and negative and self inflicted death becomes more acceptable to them |
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Term
| what guidlines for actions might help prevent suicide? |
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Definition
ask are you really considering it
how will you do it
and do you have the means |
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|
Term
| what is the definition of psychotherapy? |
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Definition
| the treatment of emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems through the use of psychological techniques designed to encourage understanding of problems and modify troubling feelings, behaviors, or relationships |
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Term
| what is the definition of biomedical therapies? |
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Definition
| the use of medications, electoconclusive therapy, or other medical treatments to treat the symptoms associated with psychological disorders |
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Term
| under what situations would biomedical therapy typically be used? what is the assumption for using biomedical therapy? |
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Definition
when psychotherapy doesnt work.
that the symptoms of many psychological disorders involve biological factors. |
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Term
| what is the definition of psychoanalysis? |
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Definition
| a type of psychotherapy originated by sigmund frued in which free association, dream interpretation, and analysis of resistance and transference are used to explore repressed or unconscious impulses, anxieties, and internal conflicts |
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Term
| according to psychoanalysis, how do unconscious repressed conflicts cause problems in the patients life? |
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Definition
| they influence a persons thoughts and behaviors |
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|
Term
| if psychoanalysis is successful, what must happen to the patients unconcious conflicts? |
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Definition
| they must be replaced with more adaptive emotional and behavioral patterns |
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Term
| why must a therapist be genuine with the client? |
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Definition
| to encourage the client to do the same |
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Term
| how is unconditional positive regard different from conditional positive regard? how is it important to therapy? |
|
Definition
unconditional is reward without consequence
conditional is reward with consequence
unconditional is important because it lets a person move forward towards self fullfilment without the fear of evaluation or rejection. |
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|
Term
| what is empathetic understandings purpose in counseling? |
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Definition
| to help the client explore and clearify their feelings, thoughts, and perceptions |
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|
Term
| what is the purpose of motivational interviewing? |
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Definition
| to help clients overcome mixed feelings or reluctance they might have about committing to change. |
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|
Term
| what is the definition of behavior therapy? |
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Definition
| a type of psychotherapy that focuses on directly changing maladaptive behavior patterns by using basic learning principles and techniques. |
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Term
| what assumption do behavior therapists have about both adaptive and maladaptive behavior? |
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Definition
| both are learned behaviors |
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Term
| how is behavior therapy different from psychoanalysis and client-centered therapy? |
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Definition
| change specific behaviors not the whole personality. focus on present not past |
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|
Term
| how is counterconditioning based on classical conditioning principles? |
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Definition
| it is the learnig of a conditioned response that is incompatible with a previously learned response |
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|
Term
| how is systematic desensitization based on classical conditioning principles? |
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Definition
| involves learning a new response to the same stimulus that inhibits the old response |
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|
Term
| what is progressive relaxation? |
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Definition
| succesively relaxing one muscle group after another until a deep state of relaxation is achieved. |
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|
Term
| what is an anxiety hierarchy? |
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Definition
| a list of anciety-provoking images associated with the feared situation, arranged in a hierarchy from least to most anxiety producing |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| an image of a relaxing scene |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior |
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|
Term
| how can the use of positive and negative reinforcement be used to increase behavior? |
|
Definition
| to increase the incidence of behavior |
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|
Term
| how can the use of extinction be used to decrease behavior? |
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Definition
| to reduce the occurence of undesired behavior |
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|
Term
| how is token economy and contingency management interventions an example of operant conditioning? |
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Definition
| strengthens desired behaviors through positive reinforcement |
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|
Term
| what is the basic assumption of cognitive therapy and how is that assumption related to what must be changed? |
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Definition
| that its due to falty thinking so the thinking of a person must be changed not the personality |
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|
Term
| how is the assumption of cognitive therapy different from that of behavior therapy? |
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Definition
| its not learned its just that they perceive it wrong |
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|
Term
| what is the definition of group therapy? |
|
Definition
| a form of psychotherapy that involves one or more therapists working simultaneously with a small group of clients |
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|
Term
| what is the definition of psychotrophic medication? |
|
Definition
| drugs that alter mental functions, alleviate psychological symptoms, and are used to treat psychological or mental disorders. |
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Term
| what is the purpose of antipsychotic medications and what are they used to treat? |
|
Definition
prescription drugs that are used to reduce psychotic symptoms.
schizophrenia
(thorazine) |
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|
Term
| what is the purpose of antianxiety medications? |
|
Definition
prescription drugs used to treat anxiety
(xanax) |
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|
Term
| what is the most common medication to treat bipolar disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what should a person realistically expect from the process of psychotherapy? |
|
Definition
| therapy is callaborative, commit to change, dont confuse insight with change, dont expect decisions to be made for you, expect to be challenged on how you think and act |
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