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| a process within a person or animal that causes them to move toward s goal or away from an unpleasant situation |
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| four central areas of human motivation |
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| food, love, sex and achievement |
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| doing something for its own sake and the pleasure it brings |
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| the desire to pursue a goal for external rewards |
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| the genetically influenced weight of an individual. maintained by biological mechanisms. |
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| what does set-point theory suggest about where weight problems? |
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Definition
they are largely genetic and inherited.
Proof: 40-70% inherited. There is a gene linked to obesity, it effects LEPTIN levels. |
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| controls weight. low levels may cause obesity |
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| are fat people always unhealthy |
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| no, often excersize is the best thing, so some fat people may be healthier than skinny people who do not take care of their bodies. |
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anorexia = not eating enough
bullemia = throwing up.
bulimia is heavily culturally influenced. due to unhappiness with body.
men will abuse steroids etc to make their bodies better. |
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| rising rates of obesity can be best explained by |
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Definition
| high calorie foods and lack of excersize. |
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| speculated that some people have a "need for achievement" hat motivate them as much as hunger motivates people to eat. came up with TAT test |
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| Thematic Apperception Test - a PROJECTIVE TEST that asks respondents to interpret a seriers of drawings showing scenes of people. scored for unconscious motive. |
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one of the few projective test (unconscious motives are measured) that has empirical support.
It has a poor test-retest reliability. |
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| criteria for when goals are best |
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Definition
a) specific
b) challenging but achievable
c) goal is framed in terms of getting what you want rather than avoiding what you don't want |
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approach goals - postive experience that you seek directly
avoidance goals - effort to avoid unpleasant experiences. |
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| self-fullfilling prophesy |
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Definition
| you will achieve as much as you think you can achieve. your expectations make you behave in ways that make your expectations come true. |
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belief that you have the power to reach your goals.
confidence. you aquire it through experience in mastering new sills, overcoming obstacles and learning from occasional failures. also comes from constructive feedback and encouragement/ |
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| bonuses given upon the completion of a goal, the strongest motivator. |
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Definition
some people need the opportunity to achieve, and are systematically put down.
women were said to be less successful at the workplace because they had a "fear of success".
possibility of promotion plays a HUGE roll in success. |
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| what makes workers work harder (long answer) |
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Definition
-meaningful work
-control over aspects of work (like setting their own hours etc)
-tasks are varied
-the company has clear and consistent rules
-employs have supportive relationships with their coworkers
-employees recieve useful feedback
-company offers opportunities to learn and advance |
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| approach-avoidance conflict |
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Definition
| single activity or goal has negative and positive aspects |
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-autonomy (making choices based on your true interests and values)
-competance (able to master challenges)
-relatedness (feeling close to those around you)
-self-esteem |
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Definition
humanist psychologist. associated with motivation. hierarchy of needs
-bottom: food and sleep
-next level: shelter and safety
-third level: social needs, belonging etc.
-fourth level: esteem, and respect of others
-top level (5): self-actualization and self-transcendence |
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| defense mechanism - block bad idea from consciousness -- completely. |
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| defense mechanism. your own bad feelings are repressed and ATTRIBUTED to somebody else. |
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| getting anger out at things animals and other people who are not the real object of their anger. includes SUBLIMATION |
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| unconscious anxiety turns into the opposite in the conscious mind. often the reaction is excessive. |
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| person reverts to a previous phase of psychological development. 8 year old may suck thumb when REALLY nervous etc. |
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| people refuse to admit that something unpleasant is happening, or that they have a problem. |
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| archetypes and collective unconsciousness |
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Definition
developed by melanie klein, and d. winnicott.
central problem in life is between independance and social life. the way we react is largely determined by our first two years of life. |
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| objective tests (inventories) |
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Definition
| standardized questionaires that require written, typically multiple choice answers. like MMPI or MPQ. |
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| why is the Myers-Briggs poor |
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Definition
| very unreliable, does not yield the same results weeks later and has failed to show anything about how well people do in different environments |
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Definition
people have core personality traits.
5-10 CENTERAL TRAITS
and many secondary traits are more changeable. |
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advanced allport's theory of central traits using FACTOR ANALYSIS. clump stuff together.
indentifies clusters of correlated items that seem to be measuring some common underlying factor. identified 16 traits, but only 8 were repeatedly confirmed |
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Definition
extroversion/introversion
neuroticism (negative emotionality), vs. emotional stability
agreeablness/antagonism
conscientiousness vs. impulsiveness
openness to experience vs. resistance to new experience |
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Term
| why are the big five important |
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Definition
| they are remarkably stable, shown by many tests, but more importantly do not change easily from day to day. but they are missing things related to mental disorders like lack of remorse, self-absorption, obsessionality |
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| are personalities limited to humans |
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Definition
| no, they are even found in octopuses |
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| physiological dispositions to responde to the environment in certain ways; they are present at infancy and in many non human species are assumed to be innate |
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| statistical estimate of the variation of a trait, to the variation of a gene. basically, how linked a given trait is to genetics. |
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| what makes our personalities the way they are? |
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Definition
| we can't transform our personalities through experience etc. nor should genetic predispositions be confused with genetic inevitability |
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| genetic inheritance of the big 5 personality traits |
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Definition
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| Social-cognitive learning theorists argue what |
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Definition
| people do acquire central personality traits from their learning history and their resulting expectations and beliefs. |
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| how do psychologists explain the big 5 and personality traits that vary in different situations |
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Definition
| they say people have core personality traits (definition means it doesn't change), but also behavior that varies across situations. |
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| in social cognitive theory, the two-way interaction between environment and aspects of the individual in shaping personality. |
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| unique aspects of a person's environment that are not shared with people in a family |
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HUMANIST - personality development is a gradual progression toward SELF-ACTUALIZATION. Not big 5. PEAK EXPERIENCES.
HEIRARCHY OF HUMAN NEEDS. |
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| humanist - people experience gongruence or harmony between the image they project to others and their true feelings and wishes. their beliefs about themselves are realistic. |
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| unconditional positive regard |
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| carl rogers, humanist - love or support given to another person with no string attached. |
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| standardized questionnaires that require written responses typically multiple choice. |
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| response to ambiguous stimuli to show unconscious motives |
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