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Maintain objectivity and integrity in research
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Respect subject’s right to privacy and dignity
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Protect subjects from personal harm
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Preserve confidentiality
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Seek informed consent
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Acknowledge collaboration and assistance
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Disclose sources of financial support.
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| most frequent number in a set |
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| the middle number of a set |
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| shows relationship between two or more variables. |
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Limitations of scientific sociology |
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-Human behaviors are too complex to be predicted accurately
-Humans respond to their surroundings (hawthorne effect)
-social patterns change constantly
-sociologists are also part of the social world; their research cannot be value-free |
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| refers to the entire way of life including beliefs, values, behaviors, material and non-material objects |
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| refers to large number of people who live in same territory and participate in a common culture |
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: physical technological aspects of our daily lives
Examples- food items, house, factories, raw materials
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: ways of using material objects as well as
Examples- customs, beliefs, philosophies, government, patterns of communication |
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anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people sharing a culture.
Examples: a language, a flag. |
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| a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another. |
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| collective conceptions of what is good, desirable, and proper, or bad, undesirable, and improper. |
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| rules and expectations that guides behaviors of people in a society. |
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| generally written; specify strict punishments |
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| generally understood but not precisely recorded. |
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| norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance.(wrong /right0 |
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| norms for routine, casual interaction (rude/ polite) |
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-Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm
-positive: sanctions include pay raises, medals, and words of gratitude
-negative: sanctions include fines, threats, imprisonment, stares of contempt. |
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systematic study of how biology affects human social behavior
-founded on Darwin’s theory of evolutions
-sociobiologists assert that many cultural traits rooted in genetic makeup |
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| we teach new member of our society the ideal culture, or the practices and beliefs that are most desirable |
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| however, the real culture of a society refers to the way things in society are actually done. |
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| existing cultural items combined into form that did not exist before. |
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| making known or sharing existence of an aspect of reality. |
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| The spread of cultural traits from one culture to another. |
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| introducing new idea or object |
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Traits that are part of every known culture
Examples: athletic sports, cooking, funeral ceremonies, medicine, sexual restrictions. |
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| process through which the principles of the fast food industry have come to dominate certain sectors of the society. |
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| information about how to use the material resources to satisfy human needs and disires (Nolan and lenski) |
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| Functionalist perspective |
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-society is complex system
-lives guided by social structure
key terms fuction
stability
harmony
balance
social order |
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1.) manifest
-recognized and intended consequences
2.) latent function
-unrecongnized and unintended |
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| Conflict theory(assumptions) |
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Definition
-Society is an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change
key terms
conflict
tension
inequality
change |
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| interactionist perspective |
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Definition
-society is the product of everyday interactiosn
-humans viewed as living in a world of meaningful object. |
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