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Chapters 1,3,4&5
Exam 1
62
Microbiology
Undergraduate 1
09/13/2011

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Bacteria
Definition
Prokaryotic, single celled organisms with cell walls containing peptidoglycan. The organisms reproduce by binary fission where one cell divides into two equal daughter cells. They use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis for energy.
Term
Prokarotes
Definition
from Greek work meaning prenucleus. Include both bacteria and archaea
Term
Bacillus
Definition
rodlike
Term
Coccus
Definition
spherical or ovoid
Term
Spiral
Definition
corkscrew or curved
Term
Bacteria
Definition
are enclosed in cell walls that are largley composed of a carbohydrate and protein complex called peptidoglycan, reproduce by binary fission
Term
Microbiology
Definition
study of microorganisms
Term
Microbes also called Microorganism
Definition
are minute living things that individually are usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye
Term
definition of pathogenic
Definition
disease causing
Term
Eukaryotic
Definition
true nucleus and divide by mitosis
Term
Prokaryotic
Definition
no true nucleus and divide by binary fission
Term
Archaea
Definition
Prokaryotic, if cell wall is present, does not contain peptidoglycan. They live in extreme environments and include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles.
Term
Fungi
Definition
Eukarytoic, can be unicellular ex yeast or multicellular ex mushrooms...cell walls contain chitin. Molds are in this group
Term
Protozoa
Definition
Eukaryotic, unicellular organisms which can produce sexually and asexual, absorb or ingest organic chemicals, and move by pseudopods, flagella, or cilia
Term
pseudopod
Definition
extension of the cytoplasm--false feet
Term
flagella
Definition
thin appendage from cell surface
Term
cilia
Definition
numerous shorter appendage--hair like structure
Term
Algae
Definition
Photosynthesis, eukaryotic organisms that have sexual and asexual reproductive forms. The cell walls contain cellulose. They are found in fresh and salt water, in soil, and with plants. They produce oxygen and carbohydrates
Term
Virus
Definition
Acellular, consisting of a core containing either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat. The coat may be surrounded by a lipid membrane or envelope. Cannot reproduce on their own, they use the cellular machinery of other organisms to reproduce. they are very small usually 30-200nm. Infectious agents protein coat-capsid-envolpe.
Term
Carl Woese
Definition
developed a classification system whiche groups organisms into three domains based on their cellular organization
Term
Bacteria
Definition
Prokaryotic with peptidoglycan
Term
Archaea
Definition
prokaryotic without peptidoglycan
Term
Robert Hooke
Definition
1st observes cells--this discovery is the beginning of the cell theory that all living things are composed of cells
Term
Van Leeuwenhoek
Definition
1st observed micoorganisms
Term
Edward Jenner
Definition
conducts 1st vaccination
Term
Rudolf Virchow
Definition
challenges spontaneous generations
Term
Louis Pasteur
Definition
shows that it is microorganisms present in the air that contaminates sterile media--the golden age
Term
Germ Theory Disease
Definition
the idea that germs might cause disease
Term
All E.coli look alike through a microscope, however; so how can E.coli O157 be differentiated?
Definition
respiration process
Term
Metabolism
Definition
refer to the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism.
Term
Enzymes
Definition
A molecule that catalyzes biochemical reactions in a living organism, usually a protein
Term
acid
Definition
a substance that dissociates into one or more hyrodgen ions and one or more negative ions
Term
pH
Definition
The symbol for hydrogen concentration; a measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution
Term
coenzyme
Definition
A nonprotein substance that is associated with and that activates an enzyme
Term
Nucleus
Definition
contains the cells DNA. Eukaryotes have histones or proteins associated with DNA
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
A network of membranous sacs called cisterns.
Term
Rough ER
Definition
contains ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis. the rough ER is involved in the processing and sorting of secretory proteins and membrane molecules. It also synthesizes phospholipids
Term
Smooth ER
Definition
no ribosomes, synthesizes phospholipids, fats, and steroids
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
site of protein synthesis
eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S containing 60S and 40S subunits
ribosomes can be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER
Term
Golgi Complex
Definition
contains cisterns
involved in protein transport, modification, and processing
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
contain disgestive enzymes that can break down molecules, and are involved in digesting bacteria
Term
Vacuoles
Definition
spaces or cavities in the cell that serve as temporary storage of proteins, sugars, and other molecules
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
contain folds called cristae
they are involved in ATP production
they contain 70S ribosomes and DNA, and they multiply by binary fission
Term
Chloroplasts
Definition
an organelle found in algae and green plants that contains the pigment chlorophyll and enzymes required for photosynthesis
Term
Perioxisomes
Definition
contain enzymes that oxidize substances, including toxic substances such as alcohol. this produces hydrogen peroxide, and the perioxisomes also contain catalase that can decompose the hydrogen peroxide
Term
Centrosome
Definition
contain pericentriolar material and centrioles involved in forming the mitotic spindle and microtubules--needed for mitosis
Term
What are metabolic pathways determined by?
Definition
enzymes
Term
What is catabolism?
Definition
the process that breaks down complex molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, DNA and RNA into smaller molecules to provide energy in the form of ATP and building blocks for anabolism
Term
What is the principle energy molecule of the cell?
Definition
ATP
Term
What are two examples of amphibolic pathways?
Definition
within glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
Term
What are amphibolic pathways?
Definition
metabolic pathways that have both catabolic and anabolic functions
Term
What is the energy source for a chemoheterotroph? Carbon source?
Definition
Energy: Chemical
Carbon: Organic compounds
Term
What is the energy source for a chemoautotroph? Carbon source?
Definition
Energy: Chemical
Carbon: CO2
Term
What is the carbon source for photoautotrophs?
Definition
CO2
Term
What is made during the light dependent reactions in photosynthesis?
Definition
glucose and other sugars
Term
What is the energy source for a chemoautotroph? Carbon source?
Definition
Energy: Chemical
Carbon: CO2
Term
What is the energy source for a chemoheterotroph? Carbon source?
Definition
Energy: Chemical
Carbon: Organic compounds
Term
What is the carbon source for photoheterotrophs?
Definition
Organic compounds
Term
What is the process involved in fermentation?
Definition
After glycolysis where glucose is broekn down into pyruvic acid, the pyruvic acid is converted to an organic product
Term
What is fermentation?
Definition
* Any spoilage of food by microorganisms
* Any process that produces alcoholic beverages or acidic dairy products
* Any large-scale microbial process occuring with or without air
Term
Where does the Krebs cycle take place in a eukaryote?
Definition
the mitochondrial matrix
Term
Where does the Krebs cycle take place in a prokaryote?
Definition
the cytoplasm
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