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| higly organized, tiny structures with thin coverings called membranes, the smallest unit capable of life functions |
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| The process by which organisms make more of their own kind |
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| the sum of all the chemical reactions carried out by organisms |
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| the maintainance of stable internal conditions despite changes in the external environment |
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| passing of traits from parents to offspring |
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| change in the DNA of a gene |
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| change in the inherited characteristics of a species over time |
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| a group of genetically similar organisms that can produce fertile offspring |
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| the process by which organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce |
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| the branch of biology that studies the interactions of organisms with eachother and their environments |
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| the complete genetic material contained in an individual |
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| a virus that attacks and destroys the human immune system |
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| a growth defect in cells, a breakdown in the mechanism that controls cell division |
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| a fatal disorder in which the organs are covered in a thick sticky mucus that clogs many of the passages |
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| a process in which a defective gene is replaced with a normal one |
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| the act of percieving or noting objects or events with the senses |
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| an explanation that might be true and that can be tested |
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| expected outcome of a test |
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| relative measure of hydrogen ion concentration within a solution |
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| a planned procedure to test a hypothesis |
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| a group in an experiment that recieves no experimental treatment |
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| the factor that is manipulated in an experiment |
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| the variable that is measured |
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| a set of related hypotheses that have been tested many times by many scientists |
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| the smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down by shemical means |
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| a pure substance made of only one kind of atom |
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| a substance made of the joined atoms of 2 or more different elements |
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| formed by covalent bonds when two or more atoms share electorns |
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| an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons |
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| an attraction between similar substances |
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| an attraction between different substances |
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| a mixture in which one or more substance is evenly distributed in another substance |
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| compounds that forn hydrogen ions when dissolved in water |
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| compunds that increase the concertration of hydroxide ions in a substance when dissolved in water be reducing the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution |
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| organic compunds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the fixed prportion of 1:2:1 |
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| building blocks of carbohydrates; single sugars e.g. glucose, sucrose |
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| nonpolar molecules that are not soluble or mostly insoluble in water |
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| usually a larger molecule followed by smaller linked molecules called amino acids |
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| the building blocks of proteins |
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| a long chain of smaller molecules called nucleotides |
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| has three parts, base, sugar, and phosphate group, which contains phosphorous and oxygen atoms |
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| deoxyribonucleic acid; contains two nucleotides that spiral around eachother in a double helix |
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| ribonucleic acid; may consist of a single strand of nucleotides or of based paired nucleotides |
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| adenosine triphosphate is a single nucleotide with 2 extra energy storing phosphate groups |
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| the ability to move or change matter |
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| the energy needed to start a chemical reaction |
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| substances that increase the speed of chemical reactions |
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| a substance on which an enzyme acts during a chemical reaction |
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| light passes through one or more lenses to produce an enlarged image of a specimen |
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| forms an image of a specimen using a beam of electrons |
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| the quality of making an image appear larger than its actual size |
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| the measure of clarity of an image |
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| scanning tunneling microscope |
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| uses a needle like probe to measure differences in voltage that leak or tunnel from the surface of the object being viewed |
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| all living things are made of cells; all cells arise from existing ones; cells are the most basic unit of structure in organisms capable of carrying out life functions |
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| cellular structures on which proteins are made |
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| single celled orgainism which has no nucleus and inner compartments |
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| surrounds cell membrane for prokaryotes and plant cells |
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| long thread-like structure that enables movement |
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| an organism whose cells have nuclei and organells |
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| internal compartment of a cell which houses the DNA |
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| a structure that carries out special functions in a cell |
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| short hair-like structures that protrude from some eukaryotic cells |
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| a lipid made from a phosphate group and two fatty acids |
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| the way phospholipids are arranged in a cell membrane |
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| an extensive system of internal membranes that move proteins and other substances through the cell |
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| a set of flattened membrane bound sacs that serve as the packaging and distibution center of the cell |
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| small spherical organelles that contain the cells digestive enzymes |
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| harvest energy from organic compunds to make ATP |
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| stores water, nutrients, wastes, and ions |
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| movement across the cell membrane that does not require energy from the cell |
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| the difference in the concentration of a substance across a space |
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| a condition in which the concentration of a substance is equal across a space |
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| the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to and area of lower concentration |
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| the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
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| a solution that causes a cell to shrink because of osmosis |
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| a solution that causes a cell to swell because of osmosis |
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| a solution that produces no change in the volume of a cell due to somosis |
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| a transport protein with a polar pore through which ions can pass |
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| a kind of transport protein that can bind to a specific substance on one side of the cell membrane and release it on the other side |
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| a type of passive transport that moves substances down their concentration gradient without using the cell's energy |
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| a type of transport of a substance against its concentration gradient that requires energy from the cell |
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| transport 3 sodium ions out of the cell and transport 2 potassium ions into the cell |
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| the movement of a substance into a cell by a vesicle |
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| the movement of substance by a vesicle to the outside of a cell |
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| a protein that binds to a specific signal molecule, enbling the cell to respond to the signal molecule |
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| acts as a signal molecule in a cell membrane when it is activated |
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| the process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy |
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| organisms that use energy from the sunlight or from chemical bonds in inorganic substances to make organic compounds |
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| organisms that must get energy from food instead of directly from sunlight or inorganic substances |
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| a metabolic process that is similar to burning fuel |
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| contain light absorbing substances |
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| the primary pigment involved in photosynthesis |
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| pigments that produce yellow and orange fall leaf colors and the color of fruits vegetables and flowers |
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| clusters of pigments that are embedded in the membranes if disk shaped structure |
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| the series of molecules through which excited electrons are passed along a thylakoid membrane |
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| an electron carrier that provides the high energy electrons needed to make carbon-hydrogen bonds in the 3rd stage of photosynthesis |
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| transfer of carbon dioxide to organic compunds |
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