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| Cell Shapes of Prokaryotes |
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Definition
- cocci: spherical
- bacilli: rods
- spirilla, spirochetes: helices |
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| consists of polymers of modified sugar cross-linked by short polypeptides that vary from species to species (walls of archaea lack this). This makes up most bacterial walls. eubacteria |
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| Used to separate many species into two grps based on differences in their cell wallsstains pink or prple |
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| Bacteria have simpler walls with relatively large amnt of peptidoglycan |
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| bacteria have less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex. Outer membr has lipopolysaccharides, carbs bonded to lipids |
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protective layer outside wall, sticy substance
enable organisms to adhere to their substratum and provide more protection |
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motility
not covered by extension of plasma membr (unlike eukaryotes) |
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motility
two or more helical filaments just under the outer layer of the cell wall
like prok flagella in strucute
has a basal motor attached at one end of cell
when filaments rotate, moves like corkscrew |
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Definition
motility
anchor to substratum
glides along growing end of tghreads |
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Definition
movement toward or away from a stimulus
(food,toxins,etc.)
chemotaxis (food/oxygen)
positive phototaxis (keeps them in light) |
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Definition
DNA is ocncentrated as a snarled fiber here
='s the prok chromosome, one dble stranded DNA molec in the form of a ring
little protein |
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Definition
Prokaryotes reproduce asexually
a mode of cell division, which sythesizes DnA almost continuously |
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Definition
| a prokaryotic cell takes up genes from the surrounding environment, allwoing for considerable genetic transfer between prokaryotes, even across species lines |
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Definition
| the direct transfer of of genes from one prokaryotes to another |
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| viruses transfer genes betwen prokaryotes |
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Definition
Energy Sourc: Light
Carbon Source: CO2
Types of Organisms: Photosynthetic prkaryotes, including cyanobacteria plants, certain protists (algae) |
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Energy Source: Inorganic chemicals Carbon Source: CO2 Types of Organisms: Certain prokaryotes (Sulfolobus) |
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Energy Source: Light Carbon Source: Organic compounds Types of organisms: certain prokaryotes |
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Energy Source: Organic compounds Carbon source: Organic compounds Types of Organisms: Many prokaryotes and protists, fungi, animals, some parasitic plants |
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chemoheterotrophs decomposers that absorb their nutrients from dead organic matter |
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Definition
chemoheterotrophs absorb their nutrients from the body fluids of living hosts |
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| prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen(N2) to ammonium |
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Definition
| Use O2 for cellular repiration and cnt grow w/o it |
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| use O2 if it is present but can also grow by fermentation in an anerobic environ |
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| are poisoned by O2, some live exclusively by fermentation |
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| organic molecules other than O2 accept electons at the downhill end of election transport chains |
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The only autotrophic prokaryotes that release O2 by splitting water during their light reactions
Does ocygenic photosynthesis: requires two coouperative photosystems |
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| regopms pf ots SSU-rRNA that have unique nucleotide sequences acquired by an accumulation of mutations in the ancestor of that taxonomic group |
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lovers of extreme environments
1. methanogens: obtain energy using CO2 to oxidize H2, producing methane, poisoned by oxygen, live in swamps, decomposer for sewage trtment 2. extreme halophiles: live in saline plae like Dead Sea, they form a purple red scum that owes its color to bacteriorhodospin 3. extreme thermophiles: thrive in hot environments (Yellowstone National Park's hot sulfur springs) |
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Definition
| all methanogens and halophiles adn some thermophiles fit here |
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Definition
| most thermophilic species fit here |
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Definition
feed on dead things absorb nutrients form nonliving organic materical such as corpses, fallen plant material, and waste of living organisms, and convert them into inorganic forms Prokaryotes are the only organisms able to metabolize inorganic molecules contains element such as iron, etc. |
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| ecological relationships between organisms of diff species that are in direct contact |
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the larger organism of the symbiotic organisms |
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| both symbiotic organisms benefit |
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| one organism receives benefits while neither harming nor helping the other in any significant way |
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| the parasite benefits at the expense of the ost |
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| a parasite must invade the host, resist internal defenses long enough to begin growing, then harm the host in some way. cause several human diseases |
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pathogens that are normal residents of a host but can cause illness when the host's defenses are weakened by such factors as poor nutrition or a recent bout with the flu |
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Definition
four criteria to establsh that a pathogen causes a disease 1. find the same pathogen in each diseased indiv investigated 2. isolate the pathogen from a diseased subject and grow the microbe in a pure culture 3. induce the disease in experimental animals by transgerring the pathogen from the culture 4. isolate the same pathogen from the experimental animals after the disease develops |
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Definition
proteins secreted by prokaryotes can produce disease symptoms even w/ the prokaryotes being present (ex. botulism toxins) |
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components of the outermembranes of certain gram neg bacteria ex. almost all members of the genus Salmonella |
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use of organisms to remove pollutants from water, air, and soil. Ex. The use of prokaryotic decomposer to treat our sewage |
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