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| Any compound that is composed of only carbon and hydrogen. Generally nonpolar due to the C-H bond. |
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| Chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule. |
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| Compounds with the same formula but different structures due to unique properties. |
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| A chemical group that affects a molecule's function by participating in chemical reations in charcteristic ways. These are polar, which tends to make the compounds containing these groups hydrophilic (water loving), and therefore soluble in water. |
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| A functional group that is nonpolar and not reactive. |
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| The four main classes of large biological molecules |
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| Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids. These are gigantic, so much so that scientists call them "macromolecules" |
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| Long molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks strung together, much as a train consists of many individual cars. |
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| Building blocks of polymers |
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| How cells link monomers together to form polymers. Essentially, a reaction occurs that removes a molecule of water. Refer to page 36 for a picture explanation. |
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| Cells carry out this process to break down and digest polymers. This is the reverse of dehydration reacttions, where polymers are broken down by adding water molecules. |
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| Special macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells (lactose intolerant individuals are lacking the enzyme lactose). |
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| A class of molecules ranging from the small sugar molecules dissolved in soft drinks to large polysaccharies, such as the starch molecules we consume in pasta and potatoes. |
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| Carbohydrate monomers (single unit sugars). Consists mainly of glucose and fructose. These can be hooked together by dehydration reactions to form more complex sugars and polysaccharides. Most have general formulas that are some form of CH2O |
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| Formed by cells from two monosaccharies in a dehydration reaction. Most common one is sucrose, which is made of a glucose monomer and a fructose momomer. |
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| Polymers of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reactions. Three common types are: starch, glycogen, and cellulose. |
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| A structural polysaccharide, used by insects and crustaceans to build their exoskeleton. |
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| Diverse compounds that are grouped together because they share one trait: they mix poorly with water. Consist mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds. They are hydrophobic (water fearing). |
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| A large lipid made from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids. Main function is energy storage. |
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| These fats have double bonds in the carbon chain, and have less than the maximum number of hydrogens. |
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| Fats with the maximum number of hydrogens. Most animal fats. |
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| The major component of cell membranes. Structurally similar to fats but they contain two fatty acids attached to glycerol instead of three. In the place of the third acid is a negatively charged phosphate group. |
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| Lipids whose carbon skeleton contains four fused rings, as shown in the structural diagram of cholesterol. |
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| A common component in animal cell membranes, and animal cells also use it as a starting material for making other steroids. |
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| A polymer constructed from amino acid monomers. Their most important role is as enzymes, but there are also structural proteins found in hair and fibers that make up tissues, and defensive, signal, transport, storage, and receptor proteins. |
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| Made from an amino group, and a carboxyl group. There is a common set of 20, and different arrangements of these 20 make up the divere variety of proteins. |
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| Most enzymes and other proteins are globular. Structural proteins, such as those making up hair and tendons, are typically long and thin-fibrous. |
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| A process in which polypeptide chains unravel, losing their specific shape, and as a result, their function. |
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| A proteins unique sequence of amino acids. Determined by genetic information. |
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| The second level of protein structure, in which parts of the polypeptide coild or fold into local patterns. Coiling results in alpha helix, a certain type of folding results in a pleated sheet. |
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| Refers to the overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide. These structures are either globular or fibrous. The globular shape results from compact combination of an alpha helix and pleated sheets. |
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| What causes tertiary structure? |
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| Interactions among the R groups of the amino acids making up the polypeptide. |
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| Proteins that consist of two or more polypeptide chains, or subunits. The structure is caused by the association of the subunits. |
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| Discrete unit of inheritance |
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| Deoxyribonucleic acid. One of the two polymers that make nucleic acid. |
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| Ribonucleic Acid. Gene uses this second type of nucleic acid to communicate to polypeptides. Genes give info to DNA, which is translated for RNA, and then into the structure of polypeptides. |
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| Monomers that make up nucleic acids. |
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| Differences between DNA and RNA |
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RNA has oxygen, DNA does not
RNA has Uracil, DNA has Thymine
RNA has a single, DNA has double helix
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