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| Books found in the Sptugint (Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures that began coming together in the second-third century B.C.E.) but are not in the Hebrew Bible. These books were never accepted as canonical by the Jewish community. They are given a secondary canonical status by the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. |
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| Means "one who is sent". In the early church it came to designate those who were recognized as the authorities of the church particularly the Twelve (after Judas was replaced), James - brother of Jesus who becomes the leader of the Jerusalem church, and Paul. Others could be considered apostles in the sense that they were sent on missions by their churches, but these 14 people were seen as sent by Christ and are authoritative. |
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| Fourth century bishop of Alexandria. He was one of the most powerful opponents of the theological position known as Arianism (Christ was a created being). His Festal Letter of Easter in 367 contains the first known listing of the 27 books now in the New Testament with his comment that these are the books that should be read in church. |
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| After Judah fell in in 587 B.C.E., a majority of the population was forced to migrate to Babylon (located today in Iraq) |
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| The texts of the Hebrew Bible are written in Hebrew and Aramaic; the New Testament and the Apocrypha were written in Greek. |
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| A group of authoritative writings. The Tanakh is the canon of Judaism while the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) and the New Testament make up the Christian canon. |
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| Roman emperor (died 337) who first granted toleration to the church and began to favor it because he though the God of the church had granted him the victory that enabled him to take control of the empire. He also summoned the council of Nicea. |
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| Anti-Reformation Council (1545-63). This council rejected many Reformation doctrines and included the first official declaration about which books of the Bible were canonical. |
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| The manuscripts found in the caves around the Qumran compound at the northwestern end of the Dead Sea. Among the scrolls were numerous commentaries on biblical books. These scrolls provide some of the earliest evidence for the form of the test of the Hebrew Bible. They also give us information about Essenes, the movement to which the authors of the scrolls belonged. |
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| Books included in the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canons, but that do not possess quite as much as the other canonical books. These are also called the Apocrypha. |
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| When the Jewish people were under the rule of the Babylonian Empire and were forced to migrate to Babylonia. |
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| Belief system that most scholars think develops in the second century C.E. that incorporates elements of mysticism and a radical rejection of the value of the material world. It seems to begin within Judaism and then quickly moves into Christianity. People who hold such views are called Gnostics. |
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| The books of the Bible that were written in Hebrew and Aramaic. They are the authoritative writings for Judaism and contain the same same thirty-nine as the Protestant Old Testament. The books, however, are in different orders in the two canons. |
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| Woman recognized as a prophet who confirmed that the book found in the temple by workers during Josiah's reform was God's word (2 Kings 22:3-20). |
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| Biblical scholar who translated the Bible into Latin (324-420). His translation, called the Vulgate, becomes the church's standard translation for centuries |
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| First-century Jewish writer who was a general in the revolt of 66-70. After his capture he becomes the historian for the Roman general (who would soon be emperor) Vespasian. His writings give us important information about first-century Judaism and the war in which the Jerusalem temple was destroyed. |
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| (1) One of the twelve sons of Jacob who are the traditional ancestors of the twelve tribes of Israel. (2) The name of one of the tribes of Isreal that eventually is seperate |
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| A native of Asia Minor who went to Rome in about 140 and tried to gain a position of leadership in the church. He argued that the Hebrew Bible came from a different god than the God seen in Jesus. He accepted as Scripture only the ten letters of Paul and an edited version of Luke; he accepted none of the Hebrew Bible. |
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| Means "anointed one". Various people throughout the Hebrew Bible were anointed, a way of appointing someone to perform specific tasks. The early church narrowed the definition of Messiah so that it designates only Jesus, the one who fulfills all proper expectations for the person God would send. To do this, they must radically redefine the tasks of the messiah. |
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| A list of canonical writings set down probably in the late second century (180-200) in Rome. |
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| The collection of twenty-seven writings that the church added to the Hebrew Scriptures to complete their canon. |
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| A Christian designation for the Hebrew Bible. |
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| The first five books of the Bible. These books are also known as the Torah. |
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| The worship of many gods. |
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| Second Temple of Judaism (Second-temple Judaism) |
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| The various forms of religious expression practiced by Jews in their worship of the God of Abraham in the time period beginning with the rebuilding of the Jerusalem temple at their return from the Babylon exile (c. 530) and the destruction of the temple by the Romans in 70 C.E. |
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| The Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures that began coming together in the second-third century B.C.E. |
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| "Law", the first five books of the Hebrew Bible |
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| The Latin translation of the whole Bible completed by Jerome in about 405 C.E. It becomes the standard translation of the church for several centuries. |
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