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| Curved structure of stone or concrete forming ceiling or roof |
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| Pictures made from many bits of glass, tile, or stone |
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| The study of body structure |
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| stonelike mixture of cement, water, and sand, pebbles or gravel |
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| Period of rapidly rising prices |
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| The philosophy founded by Xeno in Hellenistic Athens. Roman stoicism was not about finding happiness through reason, but encouraged Romans to live in a practical way. |
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| Officials who carried out orders to remove all icons from churches. |
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| a formal division within, or separation from, a church or religious body over some doctrinal difference. |
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| The emperor also chose the Patriarch of Constantinople, the leading church official in the Byzantine Empire |
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| A temple built to honor Rome's gods |
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The Patriarchal basilica in Constantinople, center of Byzantine religious life
Means Holy Wisdom
One of Justinian's greatest achievements |
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| A huge arena that could seat about 60,000 people. |
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The first emperor from 27 B.C.-A.D. 14. Paved the way for 200 years of peace and prosperity, called the Pax Romana.
-Built a permanent professional army
-Imported grain from Africa to feed the poor
-Reformed the laws for non-citizens |
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General who became Emperor in A.D. 204.
Introduced reforms
Divided Rome into 4 parts & appointed officials but kept authority overall.
Ordered workers to remain in the same jobs until they died, though they ignored the rules. |
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General that became emperor in A.D. 312.
-Sons of the workers has to follow their fathers' trades, including farming and the army.
-Moved the capitol from Rome to Greek city of Byzantium, which he re-named Constantinople, now called Istanbul |
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Became emperor of the Byzantine empire A.D. 526-565.
-Controlled the military, made laws, and was supreme judge.
-Advisors urged him to leave Constantinople, but took Theodora's advice to stay and fight angry tax payers.
-Restored order and strengthened power to rule. |
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Wife of Justinian, who helped him rule the empire.
-Former actress
-Helped choose government officials
-Convinced Justinian to give women more rights.
-For the first time, a Byzantine wife could own land. |
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| Author of satires poking fun at human weaknesses. Also composed odes. |
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| Doctor who emphasized importance of anatomy. Books were studied for 1500 years. |
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Ostrogoths, Vandals, Visigoths, Franks, Angels, Saxons.
In search of warmer climates and better grazing ground for cattle.
Drawn to Rome's wealth and culture. |
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| Astronomer in Alexandria, Egypt, who mapped out over 1000 stars and studied the motion of planets and stars--created rules explaining their movements. Produced detailed maps of the world as he knew it, which were later used by explorers in the 1400's. |
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| Author of the Aeneid, describing the fate of Trojan prince Aeneas. Virgil presents Aeneas as the perfect Roman, brave, self-controlled, and loyal to the gods. |
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Asked Roman emperor for protection and to settle inside the empire's border in exchange for being loyal to Rome.
However emperor forced them to buy food at high prices and enslaved some.
Visigoths rebelled, defeated Roman legions at battle of Adrianople, where Rome was forced to surrender land to the Visigoths.
Led by Alaric, captured Rome, burned records and looted treasury.
First time Rome had been conquered in 800 years. |
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Overran Spain and Northern Africa
Enslaved some Roman landowners
Sailed to Rome, spent ten days taking everything valuable from buildings and setting fire to them |
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Greek influence on architecture
Differences with statues |
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| Borders of the Western Roman empire at its height |
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A human-made channel made to carry water.
Provided all the water for Rome. |
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| Significance of Battle of Adrianople |
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| After Rome was defeated by the Visigoths at the battle of Adrianople, and had to surrender land, the Germanic tribes knew that Rome could no longer defend itself, so they crossed the borders in search of land. In the winter of A.D. 406, the Rhine River froze over and they crossed over into Gaul, modern-day France. |
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| Problems that led to the Fall of Rome |
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Weak, inefficient, & corrupt government.
No system for choosing an emperor
Army relied on permanently paid soldiers, making costs too high and the army declined in size
Plague and famine weakened the population
Too big to govern
Relied too much on slavery
People refused to pay taxes so it didn't have enough money
Lack of money for roads and bridges, and outside invaders caused trade to decline. |
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| Ways the Roman Empire has influenced our society today. |
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Alphabet, Latin roots for English words and legal phrases, Scientists name plants & animals in Latin, still use concrete, architecture-domes & arcs.
Laws in twelve tables still exist. We believe that all people are equal under the law, we consider a person innocent until proven guilty, believe a republic made up of equal citizens who participate in government is the best form. |
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| Romes's shift to Christianity |
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| When Rome's government adopted Christianity in A.D. 400, it helped the religion to grow and spread. |
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| Byzantine Empire--location, trade, art, education, Greek influence |
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Eastern half of the Roman empire from Eastern Europe through Asia Minor and Northern Egypt that continued to be ruled by Constantinople after the Western Roman empire fell to Germanic Tribes.
Architecture-Ordered the building of churches, forts, and public buildings
Art-Mosaics, icons
Education-Learning was highly respected. Supported training of scholars and elected officials. Boys studied religion, law, medicine, and arithmetic. |
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