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| anatomy that refers to structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye. The boundaries of which are established by the equipment used. |
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| Gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy) |
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| Considers relatively large structures and features visible to the unaided eye. There are many ways to approach gros anatomy including: surface anatomy, regional anatomy, systemic anatomy. |
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| refers to the general form, or morphology, and superficial anatomical markings. |
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| considers all of the superficial and internal features in a specific area of the body, such as the head, neck, or trunk. |
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| considers the structures of major organ systems, such as the skeletal or muscular systems. Organ systems are groups of organs that function together to produce coordinated effects. For example, the heart, blood, and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system. |
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| Integumentary system major function |
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| protection from environmental hazards; temperature control. |
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| Skeletal system major functions |
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| support, protection of soft tissues; mineral storage; blood formation |
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| Muscular system major functions |
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| Directing immediate response to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems. |
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| Endocrine system major functions |
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| Directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems. |
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| Cardiovascular system major functions |
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| internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases. |
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| Lymphoid system major fuctions |
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| defense against infections and disease |
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| Respiratory system major functions |
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| delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood. |
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| Digestive system major functions |
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| processing of food and absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water. |
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| elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products; control of pH. |
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| Production of sex cells and hormones |
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| Cutaneuous membrane (Epidermis;Dermis), Hair follicles (Hairs; Sebaceous Glands), Sweat glands, Nails, Sensory receptors, Subcutaneous layer. |
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| Bones, cartilages, joints. Axial skeleton (skull, vertebrae, sacrum coccyx, sternum, supporting cartilage, and ligaments) Appendicular Skeleton (limbs and supporting bones and ligaments). Bone Marrow. |
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| Skeletal muscles, axial muscles, appendicular muscles. Tendons, Aponeuroses. |
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| Central nervous system (Brain, spinal cord, special senses). Peripheral nervous system. |
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| Pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, parathyroid glands, suprarenal glands, kidneys, pancreas, gonads (testes, ovaries). |
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| Heart, blood vessels (arteries, capilaries, veins), blood. |
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| Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus |
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| Nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, phaynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs (alveoli). |
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| Mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine. |
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| Nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, phaynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs (alveoli). |
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| Mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine. |
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| Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra. |
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| testes, accessory organs (epidymymis, ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate gland, urethra), External genitalia )penis, scrotum. |
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| Female reproductive system |
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| ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia (clitoris, labia), mammary glands. |
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| the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type in order to preform particular functions. |
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| Ocolus (orbital or ocular) |
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| Antecubitis (antecubital) |
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| Antebrachium (antebrachial) |
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| digits (digital or phlangeal) |
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| digits (digital or phalangeal) |
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| The front; before. (The navel is on the anterior surface of the trunk). |
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| The bells side; equivalent to anterior when referring to human bodies (The navel is on the ventral surface). |
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| The back; behind (The scapula is located posterior to the ribcage) |
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| The back; equivalent to posterior when referring to the human body (The scapula is located on the dorsal side of the body). |
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| Toward the head (the cranial or cephalic surface is superior to the thigh). |
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| Above; at a higher level (in human body towards the head). |
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| Toward the tail (coccyx in humans), (Hips are caudal to the waist). |
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| Below; at a lower level;toward the feat (the knees are inferior to the hips). |
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| toward the midline (the longitudinal axis of the body), (The medial surfaces of the thighs may be in contact). |
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| Away from the midline (the longtiudinal axis of the body), (the femur articulates with the lateral surface of the pelvis). |
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| toward an attached base; the thigh is proximal to the foot. |
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| away from an attached base; fingers are distal to the wrist. |
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| At, near, or relatively close to the body surface. (the skin is superficial to underlying structures). |
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| Toward the interior of the body; farther from the surface, (the bone of the thigh is deep to the surrounding skeletal muscles). |
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| permits the analysis of complex structures by taking sectional pieces and reconstructing them |
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| Cavities that protect the organs from accidental shock and cushions from thumps and bumps. |
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| Ventral body cavity (coelem) |
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| Contains organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive system. Divided by the diaghpram into the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities. |
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| Right lobe liver, gall bladder, right kidney |
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| Left lobe liver, most of stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen. |
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| cecum, appendix, right ovary/right spermatic cord, ascending colon. |
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| most of small intestine, left ureter, left ovary, left spermatic cord, descending colon. |
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| cut on an angle or diagonal |
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| transverse (horizontal cross section |
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| A transverse, or horizontal section seperates superior and inferior portions of the body; sections typically pass through the head and trunk regions. |
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| A sagittal section seperates right and left portions. You examine a saggital |
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| The plane passes through the midline, dividing the body in half and seperating right and left sides. |
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| A parasagittal section misses the midline, seperation the right and left portions of unequal size. |
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| Frontal (coronal) section |
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| A frontal, or coronal section separates anterior and posterior portions of the body; coronal usually refers to sections passing through the skull. |
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| a cavity or passage in a tubular organ |
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| surrounded by chest wall and diaphragm, subdivided into the left pleural (surrounds left lung), right pleural (surrounds right lung), and mediastinum (contains trachea, esophogus, major vessels and the pericardial cavity conatining the heart). |
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| located within the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity, contains the heart. |
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| Contains the peritoneal cavity, which includes the abdominal and pelvic cavities. |
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| located withing the peritoneal cavity, contains the liver, stomach, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, and small intestine. |
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| Located within the peritoneal cavity, contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, last portion of digestive tract. |
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