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| The tendency to be believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (The "I knew it all along!" idea) |
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| Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. It examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. |
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An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.
A fact based rule that hasn't been found flawless yet, but is generally accepted as truth. |
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| A testable prediction, often implied by a theory. "What you THINK will happen." |
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A statement of procedures (operations) used to define research variables.
For example: HUMAN INTELLIGENCE may be OPERATIONALLY DEFINED as WHAT AN INTELLIGENCE TEST MEASURES. |
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| Repeating the essence of a research study with different participants or subjects to test if the findings are universally true, or if the first study was just a fluke. |
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| An observation technique in which ONE person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing UNIVERSAL principles. |
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A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.
Asking one person in the hopes of getting a general idea about how a larger group feels. |
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All the cases in a group being studied from which samples may be drawn.
Where you can get the PEOPLE that qualify for whatever it is you're looking at. (Population of senior girls at DHS in Choir) |
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A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.
A RANDOM FREAKIN' SAMPLE. |
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Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation.
The watch room outside of the pre-school at Weber provides this--you sit, you watch, you analyze, you stay out of their hair and let them be who they are. |
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A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.
How the relate--tall and big feet? Fat and birth month? That sort of thing. |
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| A statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1). |
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A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the realtioinship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation).
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| The perception of a relationship where none exists. |
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| A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors. |
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| Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. |
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| An experimental procedure in which both the researh participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies. |
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| Experimental results caused by expectations alone--I think I'm taking an aspirin, so the pain leaves, even if it isn't an aspirin. |
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| In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment (to one version of the independent variable). |
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| In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluation the effect of the treatment. This is where the Placebo Effect is sometimes displayed. |
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The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
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The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
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| The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution. |
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| The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. |
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| A computed measure of how much scores vary around the average (mean) score. |
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A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean and WAY FEWER are near the extremes.
"Way to throw off the curve, Barbie." (Barbie movies actually TEACH YOU THINGS) |
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| A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance. |
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| The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. |
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