Term
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Definition
the study of the inheritance of living things
-transmission of traits from parent to offspring
-expression and variation of those traits
-structure and function of the genetic material
-how this material changes |
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Term
| Levels that genetic study occurs on? (4) |
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Definition
1. Organismal
2. Cellular
3. Chormosomal
4. Molecular |
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Term
| How do cells self-replicate |
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Definition
| either by binary fission or budding |
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Term
| All cells have all the same genetic material... how does that work? |
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Definition
every cell has the "book" but different cells "read" different "chapters" to have different characteristics
ex. skin cell versus cardiac cell |
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Term
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Definition
a collection of all DNA present in an organism
ex. bacterial genomes= .4-9.4 million nucleotides
human genome= 4 billion nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
genomes are set up in these.
Prokaryotes have one which contains entire genome
Eukaryotes may divide genome into many chromosomes |
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Term
| How many chromosomes do humans have? |
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Definition
46 total.. 23 pairs
-22 autosomes
- a pair of sex chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
DNA sequences that have a defined function
OR
a certain segment of DNA that contains the necessary code to make a protein of RNA molecule |
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Term
| Eukaryotes nonchromosomal DNA |
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Definition
| mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA |
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Term
| Prokaryotes (and fungi) nonchromosomal DNA |
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Definition
| have plasmids that are nonessential, circular pieces of DNA |
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Term
| Size and packaging of genomes? |
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Definition
the stretched out DNA can be 1,000 times longer than the cell
each cell contains 6feet of DNA
so it must be packaged tightly |
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Term
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Definition
-DNA molecules tightly wound around HISTONE proteins
- located in nucleus
- vary in number from a few to hundreds
- can occur in pairs or singles
-linear |
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Term
| Pairs of chromosomes are called |
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Definition
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Term
| Singles of chromosomes are called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-condensed and secured by means of histone-like proteins
-located in nucleiod region of cytoplasm
-single, circular chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| is the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell |
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Term
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Definition
1. structural genes: code for proteins
2. rRNA or tRNA
3. Regulatory genes: control gene expression |
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Term
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Definition
entire collection of genes in an organism
ATCG |
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Term
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Definition
the traits of an organism, which are an expression of the genotype
ex. eye color |
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Term
| Who discovered basic DNA structure? |
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Definition
| James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953 |
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Term
| Basic unit of Nucleotides |
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Definition
phosphate
deoxyribose sugar
nitrogenous base |
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Term
| Options for nitrogenous base? |
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Definition
| Adenine, Guanine, Thymine or Cytosine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How are the nitrogenous bases paired? |
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Definition
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Term
| What must occur to the bonds in order for reading to occur |
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Definition
| they must be broken or "unzipped" |
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Term
| What is Adenine paired with? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Gaunine paired with? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do nucleotides bound too? |
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Definition
| a sugar-phosphate linkage... covalently boned to |
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Term
| what is the ribbon backbone arrangement called |
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Definition
| antiparallel. the 5' end of end strand matches up with the 3' end of the other end |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of duplicatating the genetic code so it can be passed to the offspring |
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Term
| The 3 main actions of enzymes with DNA replication? |
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Definition
1. separate the strands
2. copy its template
3. produce two new daughter molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| unzipping the DNA helix, breaks the H+ bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesizing an RNA primer |
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Term
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Definition
| adding bases to the new DNA chain; proofreading the chain for mistakes |
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Term
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Definition
| removing primer, closing the gaps, repairing mismatching |
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Term
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Definition
| final binding of nicks in DNA during synthesis and repair |
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Term
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Definition
| supercoiling and untangling |
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Term
| What is semiconservative replication> |
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Definition
Each strand acts as a template, the result is on strand of old and one strand of new
this allows for accurate replication
5' to 3' direction |
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Term
| 3 stages of DNA replication? |
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Definition
1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination |
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Term
| Initiation step of DNA replication |
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Definition
-helicases separate the DNA at the origin
-primases produce RNA primers
-DNA polymerase III begins adding DNA nucleotides |
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Term
| Elongation step of DNA replication |
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Definition
-DNA polymerase III continues adding DNA bases
-DNA bases can only be added to the 3' prim end, requiring leading and lagging strands |
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Term
| Termination step of DNA replication |
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Definition
| -ligases link new DNA strand into a circle |
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Term
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Definition
| made from the 3' to 5' stand of DNA, continuously made headed straight toward the origin of replication |
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Term
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Definition
| made from 5' to 3' stand of DNA, needs many RNA primers, moving away origin, synthesized discontinuously by a series of fragments. |
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Term
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Definition
| are short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
the master code of DNA is used to synthesize an RNA molecule
DNA -> RNA |
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Term
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Definition
the information in the RNA is used to produce proteins
RNA -> proteins |
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Term
| Exceptions to central dogma? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do you remember what reverse transcription is? |
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Definition
| RNA to DNA, only occurs in retroviruses |
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Term
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Definition
three consecutive bases on the DNA strand
-each triplet represents a code for a particular amino acid |
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Term
| What do proteins ultimately determine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 3 bases of mRNA called? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is RNA different from DNA |
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Definition
-single stranded molecule
-contain uracil instead of thymine
-the sugar is ribose instead of dioxyribose |
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Term
| What RNA is translated into a protein molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| brings in the amino acids, for each of the 20 amino acids there is at least one specialized type of tRNA to carry it |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| anticodon! designates the specificity of the tRNA, binds to the condon of the mRNA |
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Term
| Where does the amino acid bind on the tRNA |
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Definition
| the opposite end of the molecule from the anticodon |
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Term
| What role does ribosome play in all this? |
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Definition
| it is a mobile molecular factory for translation "gets everyone together and allows for string to be made correctly" |
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Term
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Definition
| uses the 3' to 5' strand of DNA to make mRNA |
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Term
| What are the 5 stages of Translation? |
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Definition
1. initiation
2. elongation
3. termination
4. protein folding
5. protein processing |
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Term
| What initiates translation? |
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Definition
-mRNA molecule leaves DNA transcription site
-mRNA transported to ribosomes in the cyoplasm
-ribosomal subunits are specifically adapted to assembling and forming sites to hold the mRNA and tRNA |
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Term
| What is Redundancy of the genetic code? |
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Definition
| a particular amino acid can be coded for by more than a single codon |
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Term
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Definition
Wobble baby, wobble baby, wobble baby, wobble
-in many cases, only the first two nucleotides are required to encode the correct amino-acid, thought to permit some variation or mutation without altering the message
ex: acu, acc, aca, acg all encode for threonine |
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Term
| what is the start nucleotide? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of bonds are made between amino acids during initiation? |
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Definition
| peptide bonds-- convalent bond |
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Term
| what terminates protein synthesis? |
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Definition
| a termination codon or nonsense codon |
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Term
| What happens when the termination codon in reached? |
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Definition
| the bond is broken between, the final tRNA and the finished polypeptide chain. releasing it from the ribosome |
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Term
| What happens before the protein is released? |
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Definition
| it starts to fold up upon itself to achieve the biologically active tertiary conformation. |
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Term
| What sort of posttranslation modifications may be needed? |
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Definition
-starting amino acid clipped off
-cofactors added
-join with proteins to form quaternary levels of structure |
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Term
| Examples of points that pathogens affect to screw things up. |
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Definition
- changes the shape of 30S portion, causes the code on mRNA to be read wrong
-interferes with attachment of tRNA to mRNA-ribosome complex
-binds to 50S portion, prevents trans-location movement of ribsome along mRNA
-binds to 50S protion and inhibits formation of peptide bonds |
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