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consists of genetic change in organisms across gernations. change often leads to change in the appearance |
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the process by which traits that enhance survival and repoduction are passed or more frequently to future generations than those that do not, altering genetic makeup of a population |
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Charles Darwin/ Alfred Russel Wallace |
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They each proposed the concept of natural selection as a mechanism for evolution and as a way to explain the great variety of living things. |
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adaptive trait/ adaptation |
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species will evolve to posses characteristics that lead to better and better success in a given enviroment |
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accidental alterations that arise during DNA replication |
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the process of selection conducted under human direction |
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biological diversity/ biodiversity |
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refers to the sum total of all organisms in an area, taking into account the diversity of species, their genes, their populations, and their communities |
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group of individuals of a particular species that live in the same area. |
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particular type of organism/ population/ share certain characteristics and can freely breed with one another and produce fertile offspring. |
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new species are generated. due to physical seperation of populations over some geographic distance |
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treelike diagrams that explain relationships between among species, major groups of species, populations, or genes. |
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the cumulative body of fossils worldwide |
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the disappearance of a species from earth |
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killed off massive numbers of species at once |
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cumulative total of living things on earth and the areas they inhabit |
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investigates the quantitative dynamics of how individuals within a sepcies interact with one another |
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interactions among species, from one to one interactions to complex interrelationships involving entire communities. |
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a species...reflects its use of resources and its funcitonal role in a community. |
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organisms vary in the breadth of their niche. species with narrow breadth and thus very specific requirements are said to be... |
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those with broad tolerance, able to use a wide array of habitats or resources |
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expressed as a number of indivisuals |
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describes the number of individuals within a population per unit area |
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describes the spatial arrangement of organisms within an area, random, uniform, or clumped |
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physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the environment that restrain population growth |
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rises sharply at first, then drifts as limiting factors become stronger |
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factors are limiting factors whose influence is not affected by population density |
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k-stabilize near carrying capacity/ r-focus on quantity not quality |
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when species divide because they use their resources in different ways |
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when species benefit from each other |
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species in close physical contact/ mutation |
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assemblage of species living in the same place at the same time |
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the first trophic level. plants. energy |
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organisms that consume producers. primary. secondary trophic level. grazing deer/ cattle |
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detritivores/ consume non-living things. |
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animal that has a strong impact on life. holds the structure together |
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if a disturbance is severe enough to eliminate all or most of the species in a community, the affected site will undergo a somewhat predicatable series of changes that ecologists cal... |
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begins when a disturbance dramatically alters an existing community but does not destroy life all together |
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animals that are well adapting for colonization, they arrive first and colonate |
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can alter a community substantially/ one of the central ecological forces into todays world |
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restore it back to its natural position |
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a major regional complex of similar communities/ a large ecological unit recognized primarily by its dominant plant type and vegetation structure |
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