Tissue

Epithelial

Connective

Nervous

Muscular

1. covers body surfaces
2. lines hollow organs
3. lines body cavities
4. lines duct
5. forms glands

* Also known as Epithelium *

1. Supports, binds & protects organs
2. Stores energy (as fat)
3. Provides immunity white blood cells

4. Movement, bones provide lever system

5. Heat production

6. Transport-blood

1. supports body movements

2. generates body heat

True or Flase

There are only four primary tissue types in the human body.

Classifications

of Epithelia

Simple Epithelia:

-contains 1 layers of cells

- name by shape

- all cells touch basement membrane

Straitified Epithelia:

-contains more than 1 layer

- named by shape of apical

- some cells rest on top of others

- don't touch the basement membrane

: Simple Squamous (thin scaly)

: Simple Cuboial (square or round)

: Simple Columnar (tall narrow cells)

 Pseudostraitified Columnar:

- every cell touchs the basement membrane

- not all cells reach the free surface

- shorter cells are covered by taller ones

- looks straitified

- has goblet cells

Simple

Squamous Epithelial Cells

: Single row flat thin cells

: Permits rapid diffusion or transports substances

: Secretes serous fluid (watery fluid)

Location (7) of simple

squamous epithelium

1.Single layer square or round cells

2. Absorption & secretion, mucus production and movement

Simple Cuboidal Epithelial

Locations 

1. Single row tall, narrow cells

-oval nuclei in basal half cell

- brush border of microvilli,

- likely to have cilia

-may have goblet cells

2. Absorption & secretion, mucus secretion

1. Lining of GI tract

2. Uterus

3. Kidney

4. Uterine tubes

Pseudostraitified Epithelium

1. Looks multilayered, does not always reach the free space. all touch basement membrane

- nuceli at several layers

- has cilia & goblet cells

2. Secretes & propels mucus

Pseudostraitified Epithelium

Location

Straitified Epithelia Description

: 2 to 20 layers or more layers of cells

: Some rest on others

: Only the deepest layers

attach to basement membrane

: Named for the shape of their surface cells

: Some are keratinized (abrasion resistant)

: Some are nonkeratinized (lacks surface of dead skin)

:

Keratinized Straitified Squamous

Location

1. 2 or more cell layers

2. Surface cells square or round

3. Secretes sweat, sperm production & ovarian hormones

1. Urinary tract-part of kidney,

2. Ureter bladder,

3. Part of urethra

4. Allantoic duct in umbilical cord

1. Sweat gland ducts

2. Egg producing vesicles (follicles) of ovaries

3. Sperm producing ducts (testes)

: Tissue in which cells usually have less space than extracellular material

: Binds organs to each other

: Supports & protects organs

: most are not in direct contact with each other

- separated by extracellular material

: Highly vascular (rich w/ blood vessels)

: Abundant, widely distributed

1. Binding organs- tendons & ligaments

2. Support- bones & cartilage

3. Physical protection- cranium, ribs, sternum

4. Immune protection- white blood cells attack f/b

5. Movement- bones provide lever system

6. Heat production- metabolism of brown fat in infants

7. Storage- fat,calcium,phosphorus

8. Transport-blood

Storagefat,calcium,phosphorus

7.

1. Fibroblast-produces fibers & ground substance

2. Macrophages-phagocytize foregin objects & activates immune system, when antigen is sensed

-from white blood cells (monocytes)

3. Lekocytes (white blood cells)

-neutrophils, looks for attacking bacteria

-lymphocytes,reacts to bacteria,toxin & f/b

4. Plasma cells-synthesize disease fighting antibodies

- come from lymphocytes

5. Mast cells-found along blood vessels

-secretes heparin inhibits clotting

-histamine that dilates blood vessles

6. Adipocytes- store trigylcerides (fat molecules)

Collagenous- tough flexible fibers that add strength & support

Reticular- thin collagen fibers coated w/glycoprotein

Elastic- are thin, branch & rejoin each other, made of protein (elastin) allows strength & recoil (yellow fibers)-fresh elastic fibers

1. Loose Connective Tissue

2. Dense Connective Tissue

3. Areolar Tissue

4. Reticular Tissue

5. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

6. Adipose Tissue

6.

Areolar Tissue

(Loose Connective Tissue)

* Lose fibers,abundant blood vessels & lots of empty space

* posses all 6 cell types

* fibers run random

* found in almost all sections of the body

* nearly every epithelium rest on a layer of areolar tissue

Dense Regular Tissue

(Dense Connective Tissue)

* Densely packed, parallel collagen fibers

- compressed fibroblast nuclei

* Tendons attaches muscles to bone & ligaments hold bone together

Dense Irregular Tissue

(Dense Connective Tissue)

*Densely packed, randomly arranged

* Collagen fibers & few visble cells

-withstands unpredictable stresses

-deeper layer of skin, capsules around organs

* Fibers fill spaces between cells

* Types vary in fiber orientation

: dense regular (tendon,ligament)

: dense irregular (fibers go everywhere)

* Layer between an epithelium & underlying connective tissue

* Contains: collagen

:laminin (adhesive glycoprotein)

: fibronectin

:heparinsulfate (large protein)

:carbohydrate complex

* Anchors epithelium to basement

Usually a gelatinous rubbery consistency resulting from three classes of large molecules

1. glycosaminoglycans (GAG)

2. proteoglycan

3. adhesive glycoproteins

A region in which adjacent cells are bound together by fusion of the outer phospholipid layer of their plasma membrane.

- in epithelial forms a zone that completely encircles each cell near its apicol pole

-seals off intercellular space

-makes it impossible for something to pass between cells

* Connection between one cell & another.

* All cells  (except blood & metastatic cancer cells)

* Resist stress & communication w/ each other

: Inter- means between

: Cells- mean cells

* Patch that holds cells together

* Serves to keep cells from pulling apart

* Hooklike J shaped proteins

* Hemideemosomes-anchor the basal cells of the epithelium to the underlying tissues.

: Hemi- means half

* Formed by a ringlike connexon

-consist of of 6 tramsmembrane proteins,arranged like segments of orange

-surrounding water-filled pores

-ions,glucose, amino acids & other solutes pass from one cell to the next

*Lose their contact w/ the surface & have no ducts

-hormones-secretion of endocrine glands

-secretes (hormones) directly into blood

-thyroid,adrenal & pituitary gland

*Some organs have both endocrine & exocrine function: liver gonads,pancreas

* Maintain their contact w/ the body surface by way of a duct (epithelial tube that conveys sercetion to surface)

-sweat, mammary & tear glands

:Simple-unbranched duct

:Compund-branched duct

* Shape of gland

:tublar-duct & secretory portion have uniform diameter

:acinar-secretory cells form dialted sac (acinus or alveolus)

:tubuloacinar-both tubular & acinus portions

Blood

(Fluid Connective Tissue)

* Transport cells & dissolves matter from place to place

*Plasma- blood liquid ground substance

*Formed elements-cells & cell fragments

-erythrocytes-red blood cells

-platelets-cells fragments involved in clotting & other mechanisms

Bone

(Connective Tissue)

Bone has 2 meanings:

-organ ofthe body, femur,manibles composed of multiple tissue types

-bone tissue-osseous tissue makes up most of the mass of bone

Forms of osseous tissue

-spongy bone-spongy appearance

*delicate struts of bone

*covered by compact bone

*found in heads of long bones & in the middle of flat bones such as the sternum

Compact Bone

(Cnnective Tissue)

:Denser calcified tissue

*No visible spaces

-more complex arrangement

-cells & matrix surround vertically oriented blood vessels in long bones

Cartilage

(Connective Tissue)

Supportive connective tissue w/ flexible rubbery matrix.

Gives shape to ear,lips,nose & larynx

Chondrocytes-mature cartilage cells

Chondoblasts-Immature cells

Perichondrium-Sheath of dense irregular tissue that surrounds elastic & most hyaline cartilage (not articular cartilage)

-contains a reserve population of chondoblasts

Cartilage (Connective Tissue)

Cont......

contribute to cartilage growth throughout life

No blood vessels

-diffusion brings nutrients & remove wates

-heats slowly

Matrix rich chondroitin sulfate & contain collahen fibers

1. Hyaline Cartilage

2. Elastic Cartilage

3. Fibrocartilage

Hyaline Cartilage

(Connective Tissue)

Elastic Cartilage

(Connective Tissue)

Elastic cartilage.

Basically elastic cartilage is similar to hyaline cartilage, but in addition to the collagenous fibres, the matrix of the elastic also contains an abundant network of branched yellow elastic fibres. They run through the matrix in all directions. This type of cartilage is found in the lobe of the ear, the epiglottis and in parts of the larynx.

• Maintain shape.

  In the ear, for example, elastic cartilage helps to maintain the shape and flexibility of the organ.

• Support

  Elastic cartilage also strengthens and supports these structures.

Fibrocartilage

(Connective Tissue)

• Shock absorbers.

  The cartilage between the adjacent vertebrae absorbs the shocks that will otherwise damage and jar the bones while we run or walk.

• Provides sturdiness without impeding movement.

  The white fibrocartilage forms a firm joint between bones but still allows for a reasonable degree of movement.

• Deepens sockets.

  In articular cavities (such as the ball-and-socket joints in the hip and shoulder regions) white fibrocartilage deepens the sockets to make dislocation less possible.

: Limited to the heart

:Myocytes or cardiocytes are much shorter, branched & motched at end

:Contains 1 centrally located nucleus surrounded by light staining glycogen

:Intercalated discs

:Striated & involuntary

*Elongated cells that are designed to contract in response to stimulation

*

*Job to exert force on other tissues & organs

*Creates movement

-involved w/ digestion,waste removal, breathing, speech & circulation

Types of

Muscular Tissue

1. Skeletal

2. Cardiac

3. Smooth

• Smooth muscle controls slow, involuntary movements such as the contraction of the smooth muscle tissue in the walls of the stomach and intestines.
• The muscle of the arteries contracts and relaxes to regulate the blood pressure and the flow of blood.

a)      - This is the most common type of glandular epithelium secretion where secretory granules within the cytoplasm of the cell gather at the apical region of the cell.  Then, the granule’s limiting membrane fuses with the apical membrane and the contents of the granule are opened and released.  This process of fusion and release are collectively referred to as exocytosis.  The secretory granules leave the cell with no loss of other cellular material.  Mucous and serous cells exhibit this type of secretion.

: Cells accumulate a product & then the entire cell disintegrates

-secretion a mixture of cell fragments & synthesized substance

-oil glands of scalp, glands of eyelids

Nervous Tissues

Neuron Vs. Neuroglia

Neuron: (nerve cells)

-detects stimuli

-respond quickly

-transmits coded info rapidlyto other cells

Neuroglia: (glial)

-protects & assist neurons

-housekeepers of nervous system

Homeostasis

Negative Feedback/ Positive Feedback

:Homeostasis comprises the processes by which the organism maintains adequate intra and extracellular conditions to keep possible the normal reactions of the metabolism.

Negative Feedback:

Negative feedback is the main mechanism of homeostasis and it occurs in a variety of processes, such as in blood pressure control, glycemic control, muscle contraction, etc.

Positive Feedback:

In positive feedback the effect caused by an action stimulates the action even more. This is a rarer mechanism of the homeostatic regulation.

Membranes: lined body cavities & cover their viscera