manorialism- obligations and allegiances

• serfs- receive protection, administration of justice in exchange for keeping the land and turning over some of their goods, hard labor
• serfs retain land and pass it on, but it is a hard life
• landlords- rely on the serfs economically, offer military protection

moldboard plow

curved iron plate that allowed deeper turning of the soil

three-field system

when only one third of the land is planted in order to regain fertility

role of Catholic monasteries in the early Middle Ages

• large landowners→leading producers→political power
• learning was only in ____
• literacy→ kept historical records
• spiritual centers

Early Middle Ages

(Dark Ages)

500 AD- 900 AD

• frequent invasions
• divided land
• weak rulers
• little intellectual culture

Carolingian Dynasty

(who was one of the founders?)

took over the Franks

founded by Charles Martel

defeated Muslims, preserved Europe for Christianity

Charlemagne

son of Charles Martel

established a kingdom in (briefly unified) Germany and France

feudalism

• Greater lords protect vassals → lesser lords
• Vassals owe goods, service, money
• political and military 

Magna Carta

Three Estates

key bodies represented by parliament

church

nobles

urban leaders

Causes of the Hundred Years War

1337- 1453

war between French and English monarchies

• fight over territory
• England wants to control trade areas
• French nobility want to side with English monarch

investiture

state appointment of bishops

Gregory VII

pope who attempted to separate the Church from feudal power- separation of church and state

argued with Emperor over investiture

Effects of the Hundred Year's War

• new technology crossbow
• paid armies are more effective (peasants can fight w/ crossbow)
• kings rely on personal, paid soldiers
• end of chivalry in warfare
• parliament rises in England
• monarchy strengthened in France

Peter Abelard

wrote Yes and No

showed logical contradictions in Church doctrine

was a very faithful man

Bernard of Clairvaux

stressed a mystical union with God, achieved through faith alone (not reason)

challenged Peter Abelard

Thomas Aquinas

most prominent scholastic figure

faith comes first, but one can prove the existence of God through reason

scholasticism

movement to study theology through logic

Roger Bacon

scholarastic who studied optics, pursing Muslim research

led to the invention of eyeglasses

Compare and contrast Gothic and Romanesque architecture

Gothic (Romanesque)

spires

tall windows (small windows)

focus on light, space

columns for support (walls for support, less light)

flying buttresses 

stained glass

Vernaculars

literature written in spoken language

helped develop European language

more secular themed

knights, mythical figures

Beowolf

The Romance of the Rose

Hanseatic League

cities in northern Germany, southern Scandinavia that formed an alliance to encourage trade

(growing banks at this time)

effects of guilds

• stressed security and mutual control
• quality control
• ----discouraged new methods
• regulated apprentices
• some political power

The Virgin Mary and Women's Rights

• Mary counterbalanced Eve, cultural respect for women
• all souls are equal
• played roles in commerce and guilds
• no property rights
• duty was in the house, to comfort men
• monasteries are alternative to marriage

banking

emerged from growing trade

use of money was protested by Christian thinkers

capitalistic

Joan of Arc

Crecy

battle where English defeated French with longbows

Poitiers

battle where the English held the French king captive

Innocent III

politically powerful pope, lost moral authority

after him, papacy declined, state gained more power

sheriffs

local administrators of royal laws and authority in England

Saint Francis

founder of new religious orders dedicated to personal poverty, holiness, and service to the poor

new harnesses and collars

allowed horses to be used in agriculture

wrote the Canterbury Tales

Geoffrey Chaucer

The standard of living for peasants in Europe until 1300....

...increased

growth of banking in Western Europe

-helped facilitate trade

-allowed finances and investements

-suggests an increase in the use of money

In the 14th century, the Church was weakened by....

-leaders more interested in politics than religion

-disputes over the Papacy (Babylonian Captivity)

-heresies in several countries