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Definition
| process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all their genetic traits |
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| process in which genetic material from two parents combines and produces offspring that differ genetically from either parent |
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| combination of DNA and protein molecules in the form of long, thin fibers, making up the genetic material in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell |
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one of a pair of identical chromosomes
created before a cell divides |
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Definition
region where two sister chromatids are
joined tightly together |
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| sequence of events from the production of a eukaryotic cell to the time the cell itself reproduces |
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| stage of the cell cycle during which a cell carries out its metabolic processes and performs its functions in the body |
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| stage of the cell cycle when a cell is actively dividing |
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| process by which the nucleus and duplicated chromosomes of a cell divide and are evenly distributed, forming two daughter nuclei |
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| process by which the cytoplasm of a cell is divided in two, usually follows mitosis and meiosis |
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| frame work of microtubules that guide the movement of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis |
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| region of cytoplasmic material that in animal cells contains structures called centrioles |
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| first stage of mitosis and of meiosis I and II, when the already replicated chromosomes condense |
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| condensed threads of genetic material formed from chromatin as a cell prepares to divide |
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| second stage of mitosis and of meiosis I and II when the spindle is fully formed and all of the chromosomes are held in place |
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| third phase of mitosis and of meiosis I and II, in which the sister chromatids separate and move toward the poles of the spindle |
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| final stage of mitosis and of meiosis I and II, in which the chromosomes reach the spindle poles, nuclear envelopes form around each set of daughter chromosomes and the nucleoli reappear |
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Definition
| disk containing cell wall material that develops in plant cells during cytokinesis eventually dividing the cell into two daughter cells |
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| mass of cells that remain at their original site |
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Definition
| mass of abnormal cells resulting from uncontrolled cancer cell division |
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| disease caused by severe disruption of the mechanisms that normally control the cell cycle |
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Definition
| spread of cancer cells beyond their original site in the body |
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Definition
| type of cell division that produces four cells, each with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell |
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Definition
| display of a person's 46 chromosomes |
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Definition
| one of a matching pair of chromosomes one inherited from each parent |
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| one of two chromosomes of the 23rd pair of human chromosomes, which determine an individual's gender |
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Definition
| having two homologous sets of chromosomes |
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| egg or sperm sex cell that contains a single set of chromosomes, one from each homologous pair |
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| having a single set of chromosomes |
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| the fusion of the nucleus of a haploid sperm cell and the nucleus of a haploid egg cell, forming a diploid zygote |
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Definition
| diploid cell formed when the nucleus of a haploid sperm cell fuses with the nucleus of a haploid egg cell |
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Definition
| group of four chromatids formed during prophase I of meiosis by the two sister chromatids in each of the two homologous chromosomes |
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Definition
| exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis |
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Definition
| new combination of genetic information in a gamete as a result of crossing over during prophase I of meiosis |
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Term
What is the components of the cell cycle? |
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Definition
1. Interphase- divided into G1 phase (cell growth), S phase (DNA replication), and G2 phase (preparation for mitosis)
2. Mitosis- prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
3.Cytokinesis- cytoplasm is pinched off or a cell wall and cell plate make boundaries. |
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What Is the Significance of Meiosis? |
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Definition
- Meiosis generates genetic diversity by ensuring that the gametes it gives rise to will differ from one another. In this, it is unlike regular cell division, or mitosis, which produces daughter cells that are exact genetic copies of parent cells.
- Meiosis generates genetic diversity in two ways. First, in prophase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair with each other and, in the process called crossing over or recombination, exchange reciprocal chromosomal segments with one another. Second, in metaphase I of meiosis, there is a random alignment or independent assortment of maternal and paternal chromosomes on either side of the metaphase plate. This chance alignment determines which daughter cell each chromosome will end up in.
- The genetic diversity brought about by meiosis and sexual reproduction is responsible, to a significant extent, for the great diversity of life-forms seen in the living world today. Evolution is spurred on by differences among offspring and meiosis and sexual reproduction ensure such differences. By contrast, asexual reproduction, as is seen in bacteria and other organisms, generally produces organisms that are exact genetic copies, or clones, of the parental organism.
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Term
| Sister Chromatids separate occurs during |
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Definition
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| Haploid cells are formed during |
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Definition
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| Cell division occurs once during |
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Definition
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| Homologous chromosomes pair occrs during |
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Definition
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| Four cells are the final results occurs of |
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Definition
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| Cell division occurs twice during |
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Definition
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| Replicated chromosomes line up in the middle of the spindle occurs during |
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Definition
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| Two cell are the final result of |
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Definition
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| Diploid cells are formed during |
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Definition
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Term
| Down Syndrome is a result of |
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Definition
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Definition
| Homologous chromosomes line up at the equator in pair. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cell replicates its chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cells |
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Term
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Definition
| The spindle forms, and chromosomes coil up and come together in a tetrad; crossing over may occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| Events occur in the reverse order form the events of prophase I. Each cell has only half the genetic information; however,another cell division is needed because each chromosome is still double. |
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Term
| Cellular division allows for what three things to occur? |
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Definition
| repair damage, growth, produce offspring |
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Term
| When do cells stop growing in size? |
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Definition
| when their membranes touch other cells |
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Term
| adults are made of _____ of cells |
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Definition
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Term
| what is asexual reproduction? |
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Definition
| a single cell or group of cells each duplicate genetic material then splits into 2 new genetically identical cells |
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Term
| what are 4 different types of asexual reproduction? |
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Definition
| budding, fissure, runner, and regeneration |
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Term
| offspring of sexual reproduction depend on _________ for growth |
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Definition
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Term
| the _____ _____ is the process by which cells are multiplied |
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Definition
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Term
| genes of a eukaryotic cell are located in the _____ |
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Definition
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| genetic material is a mass of long fibers called ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| what is chromatin composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
| as a cell divides, chromatin condenses into a _____ |
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Definition
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| the number of chromosomes in a eukaryotic cell depends on the _____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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| women are said to be _____ because they only have X chromosomes. Men are ______. |
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Definition
homozygous.
heterozygous. |
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Term
| sex chromosomes are always the ___ pair |
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Definition
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Term
| chromosomes are only visible during ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| humans have ___ chromosomes in each cell |
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Definition
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Term
| each chromosome contains ______ of genes |
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Definition
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Term
| how often do heart and nervous system cells divide? |
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Definition
| rarely, if at all (damage is permanent) |
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Term
| what happens during the cell cycle? |
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Definition
| the cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells |
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Term
| largest part of the cell cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 3 phases during interphase? |
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Definition
| G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| includes mitosis and cytokinesis |
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Definition
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| what are the 4 phases of mitosis? |
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Definition
| prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
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| shortest phase of mitosis |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| out of control cell reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal mass of essentially normal cells and can cause health problems, can be removed by surgery, remains at the original site in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| masses of cells that result from the reproduction of cancer cells |
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Term
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Definition
| disease caused by severe disruption of the mechanisms that normally control the cell cycle |
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Term
| what is the most dangerous characteristic of cancer cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens to your tissues as a malignant tumor grows? |
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Definition
| the tumor displaces normal tissue |
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Term
| what happens when cells split off of a tumor? |
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Definition
| they can travel to other parts of the body and form new tumors |
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Term
| causes different biochemical changes, so there is no single cure. |
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Definition
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Term
| how can cancer be treated? |
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Definition
| malignant tumors can be removed by surgery and radiation and chemotherapy try to stop the growth of the cells |
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Term
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Definition
| cancerous tumors are exposed to high energy radiation, disrupts cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| patient is treated with drugs that disrupt cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| prevent cell division by interfering with the spindles during mitosis |
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Term
| what are the side effects of cancer treatment? |
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Definition
| nausea, hair loss, and damage to ovaries or testes which causes sterility |
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Term
| each chromosome has a _____ that resembles it in shape and size |
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Definition
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Term
| you inherit ____ chomosome of each pair from your mother and father |
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Definition
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Term
| karyotypes are used to look for ______ or _____ chromosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| karyotypes are made when chromosomes are visible during the _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| almost all human cells are ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ is the diploid number |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Are gametes haploid or diploid? |
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Definition
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Term
| each sex cell has a ____ set of chromosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is the haploid number |
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Definition
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Term
| meiosis produces __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| What phase that cell membrane starts to pinch in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What phase that nucleus membrane starts to disappear? |
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Definition
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Term
| What phase that Spindles shorten and break the centromere? |
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Definition
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Term
| What phase that Chromosomes condense and become visible? |
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Definition
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Term
| What phase that Chromosomes line up in the center ("equator")? |
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Definition
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Term
| What phase that Centrioles can move about? |
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Definition
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Term
| What phase that Centrioles appear? |
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Definition
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Term
| What phase is Nuclear division, NOT cell division? |
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Definition
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Term
| What phase that nucleus membrane is completely gone? |
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Definition
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Term
| what phase that no more chromosomes, long skinny genetic material |
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Definition
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Term
| What phase that Spindles start to lengthen and reach for the chromosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What phase that Spindles shorten and break the centromere? |
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Definition
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Term
| What phase that one chromatid goes to the left and one goes to the right? |
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Definition
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Term
| What phase that Centrioles move opposite of each other, and spindles emerge (they make an aster shape? |
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Definition
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Term
| What process maintains a constant number of chromosomes within a species? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes become visible, the nucleolus disappears, the mitotic spindle forms, and the nuclear envelope disappears. |
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Term
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Definition
| The chromosomes become arranged on the metaphase plate and are attached to the now fully formed spindle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sister chromatids separate, and the now-daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosome sets assemble at opposite poles, a nuclear envelope reforms around each set, and cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm) usually follows. |
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