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Definition
| Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme. |
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Definition
| A catabolic pathway that consumes oxygen (O2) and organic molecules, producing ATP. This is the most efficient catabolic pathway and is carried out in most eukaryotic cells and many prokaryotic organisms. |
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Definition
| Glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol. |
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Term
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Definition
| (an´-uh-bol´-ik) A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler compounds. |
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Definition
| (an-er-o´-bik) The use of inorganic molecules other than oxygen to accept electrons at the “downhill” end of electron transport chains. |
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Definition
| A complex of several membrane proteins that provide a port through which protons diffuse. This complex functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases are found in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes. |
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Definition
| A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA. |
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Definition
| (kat´-uh-bol´-ik) A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. |
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Definition
| The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules for the production of ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| (kem´-e-oz-mo´-sis) An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis. |
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Definition
| A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing pyruvate to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; the second major stage in cellular respiration. |
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Definition
| (si´-to-krom) An iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells. |
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Definition
| A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| (fak´-ul-ta´-tiv an´-uh-rob) An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present. |
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Term
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Definition
| A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| (gli-kol´-uh-sis) The splitting of glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, with no release of carbon dioxide. |
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Term
| nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) |
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Definition
NAD+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, A coenzyme that can accept An electron and acts as An electron carrier in the electron transport chain. |
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Term
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Definition
| (ob´-lig-et an´-uh-rob) An organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration. Such organisms cannot use oxygen and in fact may be poisoned by it. |
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Definition
| The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction. |
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Term
| oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| (fos´-for-uh-la´-shun) The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| The electron acceptor in a redox reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| The potential energy stored in the form of An electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis. |
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Definition
| The electron donor in a redox reaction. |
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Definition
| The addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction. |
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Term
| substrate-level phosphorylation |
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Definition
| The formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism. |
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