Term
| variations within species that originated in mutation. |
|
Definition
| changes in organisms over time and differences that have developed among species as they diverge from common ancestors ..DIVERGENCE = evolution of increasing differences between lineages in one or more character |
|
|
Term
| The foundation of evolution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characteristic of an individual organism or group that are alike .. all features except DNA sequences is phenotype from transcription to morphology, behavior and life history. phenotype variation is a result of genetic differences in individuals in different ways, the most import of which is direct effects of environmental variation on development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetic constitution of an individual organism or group that are alike at one or more loci singled out for discussion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site on a chromosome or the gene that occupies the site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is one of the sequences of a gene or DNA segment that can be distinguished from homologous sequences by molecular methods such a DNA sequencing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the term used when counting the number of representatives of a gene.. all copies without distinguishing allelic or sequence differences.. so, 100 individuals would represent 200 copies in a diploid population such as humans. heterozygous individual would have A1 and A2 of an allele. |
|
|
Term
| the number of alleles that contribute to a genetic variation in a phenotype |
|
Definition
| the number can vary for one allele to multiple alleles at one locus. Multiple loci contribute to the continuous variation of most phenotypic features like variations in hair and skin color. |
|
|
Term
| genetic differences among individuals and to the environment they have experienced |
|
Definition
| phenotypic variation most frequently referred to in this evolution class |
|
|
Term
| Do all congenital differences result from a genetic basis? |
|
Definition
| No. Example: mother taking the cheap synthetic folic acid the gov't has mandated be in all grains, corn products, and rice... and taking a supplement with the same synthetic B9. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability of an organism of a given genotype to express different phenotypes in different environments...environment meaning anything external, including diet and crowding etc. (folic acid, fluoride, air-water-soil pollution, GMO's, roundup etc) |
|
|
Term
| adaptive phenotypic plasticity example |
|
Definition
| Aphids developed wings in response to crowding and poor food quality .. as a result of natural selection and environment and genetic mutations.. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the effect of the environment and the genetic variations.. is important to know if the effect is one of them or both. |
|
|
Term
| Medal's version focus on the environment or the genes? |
|
Definition
| Mendel's phenotypes were about evidence of simple genetic control and ratio among phenotypes of the progeny F1 X f2 |
|
|
Term
| name something that suggests that genetic variation contribute to phenotypic variation? |
|
Definition
| correlation of the average phenotype of offspring and that of their parents. Resemblance of siblings more than of the general population. (must be sure the comparison are in similar environments) |
|
|
Term
| Common garden is a term used to mean |
|
Definition
| offsprings of phenotypical different parents reared together in a uniform environment. Then, differences that persist in the common garden are considered genetic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Variation in a character caused by difference in DNA sequences |
|
|
Term
| One of the ways a trait can be inherited in Cultural inheritance. define that term |
|
Definition
| inheritance of language, religion, economic status. learned behavior traits frm adults... and can be transmitted within and can diverge among populations.. example the song of birds. |
|
|
Term
Another is parental effect
maternal effect |
|
Definition
| like the maternal care that was given, the chemical in the egg. the hormonal condition of the mother it can be hard to determine what is genetic from what is genetic. Example. parents of a plant damaged from caterpillars have chemical defenses.. and the caterpillars exposed to those chemicals may have off spring will not develop as well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phenotypic differences not based on DNA sequences that are transmitted among generations of dividing cells and sometimes from parent to offspring |
|
|
Term
| Molecular causes of epigenetic inheritance |
|
Definition
| DNA methylation where a methyl group is joined to a cystosine (C) in a DG doublet. The DNA methylation process is repeating during DNA replication. ....can reduce gene transcription. can be transmitted to a few or to many generations.. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activity of a gene or chromosome depends on its parental origin. maybe as much as 1% is genetic imprinting. responsible for some rare mutant phenotypes.. not altering nucleotide seqences.. the interpretive machinery is able to evolve . |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No. epigeneics is not always adaptive. |
|
|
Term
| Can non-genetic changes influence anything about adaptive evolution of natural populations? |
|
Definition
| diverse changes because phenotypic changes are partly decoupled from genetic changes.. like the direction of selection and direction of change in phenotype might differ like repelled by scent of something... |
|
|
