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Definition
| the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree celsius |
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Term
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Definition
| glycolysis, krebs cycle, and electron transport chain make up cellular respiration process. it is the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen |
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| cellular respiration equation |
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Definition
6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
oxygen+glucose → carbon dioxide+water+energy |
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Term
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Definition
| first stage in cellular respiration. process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound. process of glycolysis is so fast that cells can produce thousands of ATP molecules in a few milliseconds. does not require oxygen. |
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Term
| NADH production in glycolysis |
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Definition
| one reaction of glycolysis removes 4 high energy electrons, passing them to an electron carrier, NAD+ which accepts a pair of high energy electrons and becomes NADH which holds the electrons until they can be transferred to other molecules. |
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Term
| ATP production in glycolysis |
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Definition
| at the beginning of glycolysis, the cell uses up 2 molecules of ATP to start the reaction. when glycolysis is complete, 4 ATP molecules have been produced giving the cell a net gain of 2 ATP molecules. |
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Definition
if no oxygen- fermentation
if oxygen- krebs cycle and electron transport chain |
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Term
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Definition
| when oxygen not present, glycolysis is followed by fermentation pathway. fermentation releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen. cells convert NADH to NAD+ by passing high energy electrons back to pyruvic acid- allows glycolysis to continue producing steady supply of ATP. 2 types of fermentation- alcoholic and lactic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| a process that does not require oxygen |
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Definition
yeasts and a few other microorganisms use alcoholic fermentation, forming ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as wastes. equation:
pyruvic acid + NADH → alcohol + CO2 + NAD+ |
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Definition
regenerates NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue. converts glucose to lactic acid. NADH molecule holds electrons until they can be transferred to other molecules. by doing this, NAD+ helps to pass energy from glucose to other pathways in cell. equation:
pyruvic acid + NADH → lactic acid + NAD+ |
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Definition
| process that requires oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis is passed the the second stage of cellular respiration, krebs cycle. during krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions |
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Term
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Definition
- citric acid production- as pyruvic acid enters the mitochondrion, a carbon is removed, forming CO2, and electrons are removed, changing NAD+ to NADH. coenzyme A JOINS 2-carbon molecule, forming acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA then adds the 2-carbon acetyl group to a 4-carbon compound, forming citric acid.
- energy extraction- citric acid is broken down into a 5-carbon compound, then into a 4-carbon compound. along the way, two more molecules of CO2 are released, and electrons join NAD+ and FAD, forming NADH and FADH2. in addition, one molecule of pyruvic acid is 4 NADH. 1 FADH2, and 1 molecule of ATP.
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Term
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Definition
| the krebs cycle generates high energy electrons that are passed to NADH and FADH2. the electrons are then passed from those carriers to the electron transport chain which uses the high energy electrons from the krebs cycle to convert ADP to ATP. |
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Term
| steps of electron transport |
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Definition
| high energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed along the electron transport chain from one carrier protein to the next. at the end of the chain, an enzyme combines these electrons with hydrogen ions and oxygen to form water. as final electron acceptor, oxygen gets rid of low energy electrons and hydrogen ions. when 2 high energy electrons move down the electron transport chain, their energy is used to move hydrogen ions across the membrane. H+ ions build up in the intermembrane space, so it is positively charged. the other side of the membrane is now less positively charged. inner membranes if the mitochondria contain protein spheres called ATP synthase. as H+ ions escape thru channels into these proteins, the ATP synthase spins, the enzyme grabs a low energy ADP, attaches a phosphate, and forms high energy ATP. each pair of high energy electrons that moves down the electron transport chain provides enough energy to produce 3 molecules of ATP to ADP. |
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Term
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Definition
| glycolysis produces just 2 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose. complete breakdown of glucose thru cellular respiration, including glycolysis, results in the production of 36 molecules of ATP. |
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Term
| photosynthesis vs. cellular respiration |
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Definition
| energy flows in photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place in opposite directions. photosynthesis and cellular respiration are also opposites cuz photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from atmosphere and cellular respiration puts it back, also photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere and cellular respiration uses that oxygen to release energy from food |
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