Term
| With what powers did the United States share North America in the decades after independence? |
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Definition
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Term
| What obstacles were there to American westward expansion? |
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Definition
| The U.S. share the North American continent with territories held by the European powers: British Canada, French Louisiana (secretly ceded that year to France by Spain), Spanish Florida, Span. Mexico, and Russian Alaska, expanding southward along the Pacific Coast. |
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Term
| What were the most important strenghts of the American economy in the early 1800s? |
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Definition
| United States was a producer of raw material. The essential contribution of cotton to the nation's economy was the most important social and political reality of the early 19th century. |
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| Invented in 1793, mechanized the process of extracting the seed from the fibers of the variety of cotton that grew best in the Southern interior. |
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Term
| How did Jefferson's political philosophy shape his administration's policies? |
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Definition
| A nation with small family farms clustered together in rural communities. Republican Agrarianism. |
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Definition
| Essay on the Principle of Population, published in 1798. Warning of an impending population explosion, Malthus predicted that inless population growth was cheched, misery and poverty would soon be widespread throughout Europe and even America. |
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Definition
| Caused environmental damage-soil exhaustion due to abandonment of old lands into new ones instead of conserving them. Encoraged the spread of plantations-slave labor (South). Ruthlessnes to Indian peoples who were taken out of their lands. |
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Term
| "simplicity and frugality" |
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Definition
| Program promising to cut all internal taxes, to reduce the size of the army, navy and government staff, and to eliminate the national debt left by the Federalists. |
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Definition
| President Adams had appointed him justice of peace for Washington D.C. "midnight judges" sued James Madison to receive their commisions for their offices. |
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Definition
| Jefferson's secretary of state |
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Term
| Marbury v. Madison (1803) |
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Definition
Supreme Court decision that created the precedent of judicial review by ruling as unconstitutional part of the Judiciary Act of 1709.
- Case sparked by Jefferson's refusal to recognize Adam's "midnight judges"
- Justice Marshall ruled that the duty of the courts was "to say what the law is"
- Ruling made the Supreme Court a powerful nationalizing force |
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Term
| Chief Justice John Marshall (1801-35) |
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Definition
Ruled that Marbury was entitled to his commision but that the Supreme Court did ot hace the power to force the executive branch to give it to him.
Led the Supreme Court in a series of decisions that favored the federal government over the state governments. |
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| French defeated at the Battle of Waterloo. Looked at the Caribbean where he planned to reconquer Haiti and use its rich sugar profits to finance European wars. Planned to use Lousiana to grow foo for the sugar-producing Haiti (in 1802, sent army of 30,000). In 1803 Napoleon was ready to sell Lousiana Territory and New Orleans Port for $15 million. |
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Definition
| France secretly reacquired the territory from Spain whom had held the region since 1763. Napoleon sold the entire territory to the U.S. and the New Orleans port for $15 million. Doubled the size of the U.S. Largest peaceful acquisition of territory in U.S. History. |
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| American ambassador sent to France to attempt to buy New Orleans and the sorrounding area. |
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Term
| What key geographic features dictated the route taken across the continent by the Lewis and Clark expedition? |
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Definition
| They were trying to find the easiest route to the Pacific Ocean |
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Term
| Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806) |
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Definition
| The first to survey and document natural and human richnesss of the area. |
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Definition
| U.S. representative in New Orleans and governor of Lower Louisiana Territory. Adopted French civil law rather than English common law. |
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Definition
| Brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, made king, forcing Spain's king Charles IV to renounce his throne. |
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Definition
| Revolutionary leade led a populist revolt for independence of Mexico in 1810. Was suppresed by royalists and executed. |
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Term
| Father Jose Maria Morelos |
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Definition
Revolutionary leade led a populist revolt for independence of Mexico in 1813. Was suppresed by royalists and executed.
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Term
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Definition
| Mexican republican whom in 1812 led a small force composed of American adventurers, invaded Texas and assasinated provincial governor Manuel Salcedo, declaring Texas independent. |
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Term
| Charles Cotesworth Pinckney |
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Definition
| Federalist who ran for presidency against Jefferson in the election 0f 1804. Jefferson acquired 162 electoral votes to Pinckney's 14. |
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Term
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Definition
| Followed the failure of the Non-Importation Act (1806). Act passed by Congress prohibiting American ships from leaving for any foreign ports, cutting of all exports as well as imports. Wanted Britain and France to recognize neutral rights. Resulted in an economic disaster for the U.S. causing a deep depression. Repealed in 1809. |
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Term
| Non-Intercourse Act (1809) & Macon's Bill Number 2 (1810) |
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Definition
| Unsuccessfully attempted to prohibit trade with Britain and France unless they ceased their hostile treatment of U.S. shipping. |
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Term
| Indian Intercourse Act of 1790 |
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Definition
| Stated that the U.S. could not simple take Indian lands, instead it had to acquire them when the Indians ceded it by treaty. Act was being affected by the westward expansion. |
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Definition
| Governor of Louisiana Territory who concluded 15 treaties with the Delawares, Potawatomis, Miamis, and other tribes between 1801 and 1809. Opening eastern Michigan, southern Indiana and most of Illinois to white settlers forcing Indiant to eversmaller reservations. (cohercion, bribery, outright trickery) |
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Term
| pan-Indian military resistance movement |
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Definition
| Movement calling for the political and cultural unificantion of Indian tribes in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. |
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Definition
| A seminomadic hunting and farming tribe of Ohio Valley. Anthony Wayne's decisive defeat of the Indian confederacy led by Little Turtle at Fallen Timbers(1794) had left the Shawnees divided. |
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Term
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Definition
| Led a group of about one quarter of the total Shawnees who tried to retain their tribal homelands by accepting acculturation directed by govt' officials and missionaries. |
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Definition
| Led a small group of Militant Shawnees, refused to move west and embarked on a pan-American resistant movement. He had the British support. Tecumse died at the Battle of the Thames(1813). |
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Term
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Definition
| Tecumseh's brother who in 1805 began preaching in a message of Indian revitalization |
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Term
| Treaty of Fort Wayne (1809) |
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Definition
| The U.S. had gained 3 million acres of Delaware and Potawatomi land in Indiana. |
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Term
| Where was Indian resistance concentrated? Why? |
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Definition
| Old Northwest and Old Southwest. Tecumseh's Allience and the Creek Rebellion |
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Term
| What were the consecuences of the War of 1812? |
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Definition
| Indian resistance was a major reason. British support of western Indians and the long-standing difficulties over neutral shipping rights were the two grievances cited by President Madison when he asked Congress for declaration of war against Britain on June 1, 1812. |
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Term
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Definition
| Members of Congress, predominantly from the South and the West, who agressively pushed for a war against Britain after their election in 1810. Henry Clay of Kentucky, John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, were young Jeffersonian Republicans from the West and South. |
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Term
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Definition
| War fought between the U.S. and Britain from June 1812 to January 1815 largely over British restrictions on American shipping. War declared by president James Madison and approved by a most divided Congress. Support for war was strongest in the South and West, weakest in the Northeast. Federalists voted against war. British burned Washington in the summer of 1814. |
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Definition
| Captain who in 1813 at the Battle of Put-in-Bay established American control over Lake Erie, leading to recapture of Detroit by William Henry Harrison' later defeating the British and Indian defenders at the battle of Thames ( Oct. 1813). |
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| First Indian peoples to battle the Americans when whites began to occupy Indian lands in the Northwestern Georgia and Central Alabama at the beginning of the 19th century. Red Sticks allied with the British and Spanish in fighting the Americans and other indian groups. |
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Term
| The Battle of Horseshoe Bend (March 1814) |
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Definition
| Creeks were trapped by American cannon fire and their Indian enemies the Cherokees, Choctaws, and the Chikasaws. More than 800 Creeks were killed in revenge to the attack of Fort Mims. |
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Term
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Definition
| Allied with the British and Spanish in fighting the Americans and other indian groups. In August 1813 attacked Fort Mims on the Alabama River killing mor than 500 Americans. |
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Term
| Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814) |
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Definition
| Confirmed land concessions from the Creeks; 23 million acres or more than half the Creeks domain. Earned Jackson his Indian name, Sharp Knife. In response to Battle of Horseshoe Bend. |
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Term
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Definition
| A constitutional doctine holding that a state had a legal right to declare a national law null(invalidate) and void within its borders |
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Term
| Treaty of Ghent (Dec. 1814) |
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Definition
| Treaty signed in December 1814 between the United States and Britain that ended the War of 1812. The major issues of impressment and neutral rights were not metioned although British did agree to evacuate their western posts. |
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Term
| Hartford Convention (1814) |
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Definition
| Federalist representatives from the five New England states met to discuss their grievances. Most talks were about the secession from the union. Insisted that the state had the rigt "to interpose its autority" to protect its citizend against unconstitutional federal laws. Wanted to imply nullification which had previously been proposed by Madison and Jefferson in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolves opposing the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798). |
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Term
| What were the causes and consequences of early nineteenth century American expansion? |
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Definition
| The Era of Good Feelings (1817-1823). |
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Term
| How did westward movement vary by region between the 1800 and 1820 |
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Definition
| Northeners tended to migrate to the Old Northwest,where they shared New England political ideas and banned slavery. Southeners to the Old Southwest shared Southern attitudes and were pro-slavery. |
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Term
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Definition
| Elected 5th president of the United in the election of 1816 against Federalist opponent Rufus King (183 to 34 electoral votes). Presidency known as the "Era of Good Feelings". (1817-25). Monroe supported the American System. |
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Term
| Era of Good Feelings (1817-25) |
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Definition
| The period from 1817 to 1825 in which the disapearance of the Federalists enabled the Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony. |
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Term
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Definition
| The last election in which Federalists ran a candidate. |
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Term
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Definition
| The program of government subsidies favored by Henry Clay and his followers to promote American economic growth and protect domestic manufaturers from foreign competition. Monroe broke with Jefferson's agrarianism to embrace much of the Federalist program for economic development, including the chartering of a national bank, tax o imported goods to protect American manufacturers, and a national system of roads and canals. --- bank, tariffs, roads. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tax imposed by Congress on imported goods. First substantial protective tariff in American history. Tariff was on imported woolens and cottons, on iro, leather, hats, paper, and sugar. |
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Term
| Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817 |
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Definition
| Treaty between the United States and Britain that effectively demilitarized the Great Lakes by sharply limiting the number of ships each power could station on them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fixed the border between the U.S. and Canada at the 49th paralled and resolved conflicting U.S. and British claims to Oregon with an agreement to occupy it jointly for 10 (actually 20) years. |
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Term
| Adams-Onis or Transcontinental Treaty of 1819 |
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Definition
| Skillfully wrested concessions from the faltering Spanish empire. Convinced Spain not only to cede Florida but also to drop all previous claims it had to the Louisiana Teritory and Oregon. In return U.S., took away claim in Texas and assumed responsibility for the $5 million in claims that U.S. citizens had against Spain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Monroe's secretary of state. Diplomatic accomplishment" Adams-Onis or Transcontinental Treaty of 1819. Also the Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817 and the Convention of 1818. Developed Monroe Doctrine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Declaration by President James Monroe in 1823 that the Western Hemisphere was to be closed off to further European colonization and that the U.S. would not interfere in the internal affairs of European nations. |
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Term
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Definition
| A delayed reaction to the end of the War of 1812 and the Napoleonic Wars. As British recovered from the War they took back their positions in commerce and American shipping boom ended and international demand declined. The western land movement stoped. Farmers ruined, urban workers jobless. |
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Definition
| Sectional compromise in 1820 that admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state and prohibited slavery in the northern Louisiana Purchase territory. Henry Clay "The Breat Pacificator". |
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