Term
What are basic sounds of speech?
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Definition
- Phonemes
- the basic building blocks of language that are unique sounds that can be joined together to make words
- consonent sounds
- vowel sounds
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Term
| How well can infants distinguish the basic sounds of speech? |
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Definition
- can disguish well depending on their culture
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Term
| How does infant-directed speech help children learn about language? |
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Definition
- words are segmented allowing babies to learn to distinguish sounds
- infants perceieve sounds that are fundamental to language
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Term
| What is babbling? how does it become more complex in older infants? |
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Definition
- speech like sound gthat has no meaning
- as infants grow to 8-11months the babbling sounds more like speech and includes intonation
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Term
| how do children make the transition from babbling to talking? |
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Definition
- once they know that words symbolize objects and actions they learn words
- naming explosion - learn new words especially names of objects much more rapidly than before
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Term
| What rules do children follow to learn new words? |
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Definition
- if you hear an unfamiliar word, then the object around you with no name is what the word is referring to
- names refer to whole objects
- if an object has one name but another name is used for it, then the second name is a subcategory
- a word applied to a particular type of object is a proper noun and for that particular object
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Term
| What different styles of launguage learning do young children use? |
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Definition
- referential style: vocab consists of words mainly that name objects people or actions
- expressive style: includ names and social phrases that are used like a single word
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Term
| What conditions foster children's learning of new words? |
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Definition
- conversational parents
- naming objects when children area paying attention
- reading to children
- questioning children on what a word is
- reading
- NOT video
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Term
| How does children's understanding of symbols progress beyond language? |
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Definition
- understanding that pictures are not the actual object
- understanding a scale model - 3
- understanding maps - 4
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Term
| How do children progress from speaking singles words to creating complicated sentences? |
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Definition
- begin by talking in two word speeches
- three words and longer setences including words ending in -ing, -ed, and -s though they overregularize the rule
- w- words
- negation
- emedded sentences
- passive voice
- active voice
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Term
| How do children acquire the grammar of their native Language? |
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Definition
- : copy what they hear; but that's too simplebehaviorist
- linguistic: innate, born knowing nouns objects and verbs but need to learn grammar
- regions of brain involved in language
- only humans learn grammar [chimps can learn a bit but no grammar]
- Crtitical period of learning language
- development of grammar is tied to development of vocab
- powerful cognitive skills
- social interaction answer - social interactions with parents, they want better interaction/communication
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Term
| When and how do children learn to take turns in conversation? |
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Definition
- copying adults
- being encouraged by adults to respond
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Term
| What are the skills required to be an effective speaker? |
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Definition
Gestures
adjusting speech to meet listener's needs |
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Term
| What is involved in being a good listener |
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Definition
- understanding another's remarks
- detect ambiguities
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Term
| is baby talk "bad" for a baby |
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Definition
| no, the sing-song voice keeps the baby interested and the slower words makes the baby able to distinguish the words |
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Term
| What two factors contribute to the difference in how many words a baby remembers when the same age? |
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Definition
| phonological memory and the environment |
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Term
| What are the four elements of language? |
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Definition
- phonology - sounds
- semantics- word meaning
- syntax - rules for language structure
- pragmatics - rules communications
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Term
| What are the first steps to speech? |
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Definition
- cooing
- babbling - one syllable
- longer syllables
- intonation
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Term
| By what age do children ta turns and prompt othes to speak? |
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Definition
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Term
| Newbornscan hear a wide range of language sounds but by their first birthday what sounds do infants readily distinguish? |
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Definition
| sounds that are meaningful to their own language. |
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Term
| What do infants use to pick out words from speech? |
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Definition
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Term
| When do adults speak slowly with exaggerated changes in pitch and loudness? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes babbling sound like reach speech at 8-11? |
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Definition
| intonation of ones native language |
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Term
| Why would a child's first words reflect the child's mastery of symbols? |
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Definition
| children begin to use words around the same time they start to use gestures and other symbols. |
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Term
| What do 18 month old children experience when they start to learn new words more rapidly than before? |
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Definition
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Term
| What four things does children's rapid learning of words reflect? |
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Definition
- Joint attention
- rules that constraight word meanings,
- cognitive growth
- cues to a word's meaning provided by the sentence
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Term
| What two things contribute to individual differences in the size of children's vocabulary? |
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Definition
- the child's memory - phonological memory
- the child's environment
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Term
| What is a misconception of a way that parents can help infants learn new words? |
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Definition
| showing them infant-oriented language videos |
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Term
| What is the benefit of bilingualism other than greater understanding of the symbolic nature of language? |
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Definition
| greater skill at task-swtiching and inhibiting inappriopriate aresponse |
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Term
| What do children do in telephgraphic speech at the age of 1 ½? |
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Definition
| only include words that are directly related to meaning, usually two words. |
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Term
| What do the overregulation in children's speech show? |
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Definition
| That they are capable of learning rules. |
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Term
| What three components does the development of grammar include? |
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Definition
- innate language specific processes
- cognitive skills
- social interactions
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Term
| What do preschooler's do when talking to younger children that demonstrates their communicative skill? |
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Definition
| They meet the needs of the children's understanding level by using simpler grammar a more attention-getting words. |
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Term
| When a message is confusing waht do preschoolers do that proves that they aren't very skilled listener's? |
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Definition
| they do not admit nor do they feel the need to admit that they do not undrestand what is being said to them because they assume they know what the speaker means. |
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Term
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Definition
| a system that relates sounds or gestures to meaning |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the study of words and their meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| rules that specify how words are combined to form sentences |
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Term
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Definition
| communicative functions of language and the rules that lead to effective communication |
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Term
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Definition
| basic building blocks of language which are unique sounds that can be joined to create words |
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Term
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Definition
| when adults speek slowly and with exaggerated changes in pitch and loudness |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 months, infants begin to produce vowel-like sounds, such as ooooo or ahhhh |
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Term
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Definition
| speech like sound that has no meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| pattern of rising or falling pitch |
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Term
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Definition
| when children around the age o0f 18 months learn new words that are generally objects more rapidly than before |
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Term
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Definition
| children's ability to connet new words to their meanings so rapidly that they cannot be considering all possible meanings for the new word |
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Term
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Definition
| defining a word too narrowly |
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Term
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Definition
| when children define a word too broadly |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to remember speech sounds breifly |
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Term
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Definition
| when vocabularies consist of words that name objects, persons, or actions |
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Term
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Definition
| vocabularies that have to do with social phrases |
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Term
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Definition
| the type of talk that has only words relevant to meaning |
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Term
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Definition
when sentences are filled with words or word enings that make the sentence grammatical
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Term
| semantic bootstrapping theory |
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Definition
| children are born knowing that nouns usually refer to people or objects and that verbs are actions, this is what they use to infer grammatical rules |
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Term
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Definition
| a variant of standard english that has slightly different grammatical rules |
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