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| The branch of psychology that studies the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life. |
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| the issue of the degree to which environment and heredity influence behavior. |
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| Twins who are genetically identical |
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| A research method that compares people of different ages at the same point in time. |
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| A research method that investigates behavior as participants age. |
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| A research method that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal research by considering a number of different age groups and examining them at several points in time |
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| Rod-shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information |
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| The parts of the chromosomes through which genetic information is transmitted |
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| The new cell formed by the union of an egg and sperm. |
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| A developed zygote that has a heart, brain, and other organs. |
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| A developing individual, from eight weeks after conception until birth |
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| The point at which a fetus survive if born prematurely, prenatal age 22 weeks. |
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| Unlearned, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli. |
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| The decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentation of the same stimulus. |
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| The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a specific individual. |
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| Parents who are rigid and punitive and value unquestioning obedience from their children. |
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| Parents who give their children relaxed or inconsistent direction and, although they are warm, require little of them. |
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| Parents who are firm, set clear limits, reason with their children, and explain things to them. |
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| Parents who show little interest in their children and are emotionally detached. |
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| Basic, innate disposition. |
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| Development of individuals' interactions and inderstanding of each other and of their knowledge and understanding of themselves as members of society. |
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| Trust-versus-mistrust stage |
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| According to Erikson, the first stage of psychosocial development, occurring from birth to ago 1 1/2 years, during which time infants develop feelings of trust or lack of trust. |
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| Autonomy vs shame and doubt stage |
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| The period during which, according to Erikson, toddlers (ages 1 1/2 to 3 years) develop independence and autonomy if exploration and freedom are encouraged, or shame and self-doubt if thy are restricted and overprotected. |
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| Initiative vs guilt stage |
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| According to Erikson, the period during which children ages 3 to 6 years experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action. |
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| Industry vs inferiority stage |
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| According to Erikson, the last stage of childhood, during which children ages 6 to 12 years may develop positive social interactions with others or may feel inadequate and become less sociable. |
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| The process by which a child's understanding of the world changes as a function of age and experience. |
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| According to Piaget, the stage from birth to 2 years, during which a child has little competence in representing the environment by using images, language, or other symbols. |
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| The awareness that objects and people continue to exist even if they are out of sight. |
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| According to Piaget, the period from 2 to 7 years of age that is characterized by language development. |
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| A way of thinking in which a child vies the world entirely from his or her own perspective. |
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| Principle of conservation |
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| The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects. |
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| Concrete operational stage |
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| According to Piaget, the period from 7 to 12 years of age that is characterized by logical thought and a loss of egocentrism. |
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| According to Piaget, the period from age 12 to adulthood that is characterized by abstract thought. |
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| The way in which people take in use, and store information. |
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| An awareness and understanding of one's own cognitive processes. |
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| he developmental stage between childhood and adulthood. |
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| The period at which maturation of the sexual organs occurs, beginning about age 11 or 12 for girls and 13 or 14 for boys. |
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| Identity vs role confusion stage |
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| According to Erikson, a time in adolescence of major testing to determine one's unique qualities |
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| The distinguishing character of the individual: who each of us is, what our roles are, and what we are capable of. |
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| Intimacy vs isolation stage |
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| According to Erikson, a period during early adulthood that focuses on developing close relationships. |
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| Generativity vs stagnation stage |
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| According to Erikson, a period in middle adulthood during which we take stock of our contributions to family and society. |
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| Ego-integrity vs despair stage |
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| According to Erikson, a period from late adulthood until death during which we review life's accomplishments and failures. |
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| The period during which women stop menstruating and are no longer fertile. |
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| Genetic preprogramming theories of aging |
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Definition
| Theories that suggest that human cells have a build-in-time limit to their reproduction, and that after a certain time they are no longer able to divide. |
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| Wear-and-tear theories of aging |
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| Theories that suggest that the mechanical functions of the body simply stop working efficiently. |
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| A progressive brain disorder that leads to gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities. |
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| Disengagement theory of aging |
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| A theory that suggests that aging produces a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels. |
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| A theory that suggests that the elderly who are most successful whole aging are those who maintain the interests and activities they had during middle age. |
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| The process by which people examine and evaluate their lives. |
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| Zone of proximal development (ZPD) |
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Definition
| According to Vygotsky,the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, comprehend or perform a task on his or her own. |
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