1.produce sex cells (gametes-sperm & egg cells)

2.noursish and support the develpoing sex cells

3.transport sex cells to the site of fertilization

4.produce new offspring 

5.support the developing embryo

6.produce hormones to support reproduction, human growth and development

spermatic ducts

secretory glands

scrotum 

penis

Spermatic Ducts

-efferent ducts

-epididymis

-vas deferns (ductus deferens)

-ejaculatory duct

-urethra

Secretory glands

-seminal vesicles 

-prostate gland

-bulbourethral gland

-begins in wks 6-10 and is finished by 28

-originate near the level of developing kidneys in the abdomen

-they descend into the scrotum during the last two months of fetal life

oval organ, 4cm long, 2.5 cm diameter

tunica vaginalis

tunica albuginia

lobules

seminiferous tubules

-each testes is patitioned by septa into several compartments

-each lobule is filled with coiled seminiferous tubules

-sperm cells are produced here

-spermatogonic cells are found embedded in the walls of this

-meiosis takes place here

immature sperm cells

found embedded in the wall of the semineferous tubules

sertoli cells

interstitial cells (Lydig cells)

-form wall of semineferous tubules

-nourish and protect maturing sperm cells

-form Blood-testes barrier against immune cells

Interstitial cells

(Lydig cells)

-found between semineferous tubules

-produce testosterone (an androgen hormone)

-Paired

-colied tube that leads into the vas deferens

-stores and nourishes immature sperm cells

-is is the site for sperm cell maturation (fertile for 60 days)

-spermatozoa reach the epididymis through the efferent ducts

Vas Deferens 

(Ductus Deferens)

-paired

-forms part of the spermatic cord

-joins the duct from the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct

-stores sperm cells

-propels spermatozoa towards urethra

-a cylindrical structure that contains the blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, ductus deferens, and cremaster muscle

-passes through the inguinal canal and connects the testes to the vital structures in the abdomen

vas deferens

testicular arteries and veins

testicular nerves

cremaster muscle

lymphatic vessels

-paired

-secretion contains nutrients for sperm cells (fructose)

-secretion contains prostaglandin and alkaline secretion

-single

-surrounds the urethra

-secretion: slightly acidic, fibrinolysin (liquifies sperm,lysozyme), PSA(prostatic specific antigen), and other protein digesting enzymes

-secretion aids the motility of sperm cells

-enlargement causes urethral constriction

-paired

-beneath the prostate gland

-secretion serves as a lubricant

-alkaline fluid neutralizes urethra before ejaculation (for urine)

-encloses the testes

-provides a temperature of 3 degrees celsius lower for sperm production

- when cold the testes are pulled closer to the pelvic floor and warmth of the body wall and the scrotum becomes shorter & heavily wrinkled, reducing its surface area & increasing its thickness and to reduce heat loss

- when warm, the scrotal skin is flaccis and loose to increase the surface area for cooling, and the testes hang lower away from the body trunk

composed of three columns of erectile tissues

-two corpus cavernosa- contain blood sinusoids

one corpus spongiosum- contain blood sinuses, contain urethra

the engorgement of blood in the sinusoids of erectile tissue resulting from sexual excitement

-blood fills the dilated arteries 

-veins become compressed 

-erectile tissue becomes engorged

2-6 ml with every ejaculation (50-100 million sperm cells per ml)

-secretion of seminal vesicles 60%

-secretion of prostate gland 30%

-secretion of Bulbourethral glands 10%

100 million/ ml

-male fertility if affected if sperm cell count is less than 20 million/ ml

-androgens

-testosterone is the most important androgen

-androgen production at puberty

-stimulates the development of the male reproductive organs in the embryo

-developes and maintains male secondary sexual characteristics

-required for sexual arousal or libido 

negative feedback mechanism

production of inhibin

-head, midpiece, and tail

contains a nucleus with 23 chromosomes

acrosome of head contains digestive enzymes

mitosis

meiosis

occurence: in all body tissues

# of cell divisions: once

# of daughter cells: two

# of chromosomes in daughter cells: diploid (2n), same as parent cell chromosomes

genetic identity: genetically identical as the parent cell

significance: growth & tissue repair 

occurence: gametes only

# of cell divisions: twice

# of daughter cells: four

# of chromosomes in daughter cells: haploid(n), half of the parent cell chromosomes

genetic identity: genetically different from the parent cell

significance: to maintain the chromosome numbers constant in the species, brings diversity to the species

-involves 2 subsequent cell division

-takes place in the wall of seminiferous tubes

-special type of cell division where the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell is reduced from 46 (diploid) to 23 (haploid)

new nuclear envelopes froms around chromosomes, cell undergoes cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis).

Each cell is now haploid

nuclear envelopes disintegrate again; chromosomes consist of 2 chromatids

new spindle forms

centromeres divide

sister chromatids migrate to oppostite poles of cell 

each chromatid now constitutes a single-stranded chromosome

new nuclear envelopes forms around chromosomes

chromosomes uncoil and become less visible

cytoplasm divides

Final product is 4 haploid cells with single-starnded chromosomes

-spermatogenesis- sperm cell production, four sperm cells are produced from each parent cell-spermatogonium

-chromosome reduction- each sperm cell contains 23 single chromosomes

genetic variability-the genetic information within the sperm cells arises from cell to cell as a result of crossing-over

oogenesis- egg cell production

-one functional egg cell (secondary oocyte) and three nonfunctional polar bodies are produced

-each egg cell contains 23 chromosomes

-the genetic information within each egg cell varies from cell to cell as a result of crossing over

spermatogonia

primary spermatocyte

secondary spermatoctye

spermatids

spermatozoa

-have 46 chromosomes, dipoid, 2n

-are stem cell formed in early make embryo

-undergo several mitotic cell divisions to produce primary spermatocytes

-46 chromosomes

- are daughter cells of spermatogonia

-they undergo first meiotic cell division

-23 chromosomes,haploid,n

-are daughter cells of primary spermatocyte

-undergo second meiotic division

-23 single chromosomes,haploid,n

-are daughter cells of secondary spermatocyte

-23 single chromosomes,haploid,n

-are physically transformed spermatids

-the sperm cell from the father contribute the 23 haploid chromosomes

-the egg cell from the mother contribute 23 haploid chromosomes

-the ZYGOTE is the fertilized egg that has 46 chromosomes

produce and deliver gametes

provide nutrition and room for fetal developement

to give birth & nourish infant

located in the pelvic cavity

almond shaped, 3cm by 1.5 cm

Produce egg cells and female sex hormones

-contains an outer cortex(produces gametes) and inner medulla(holding vessels)

-each egg develops inside its own fluid filled ovarian follicle & is released by ovulation

-follicle later develops into corpus luteum

- primordial follicle (contains the egg cell)

-primary follicle 

-secondary follicle

-graafian follicle (mature follicle)

-corpus luteum

-

-follicle cells-> granulose cells-> corpus luteum

-during embryonic development cortical cells form millions of primordial follicles

-each contain primary oocyte

-remain dormant until puberty 

10 cm long, muscular tube lined with ciliated cells

lumen is size of course strand of hair

-includes : fimbriae- fingerlike projections

-infundibulum- funnel shaped

-ampulla- middle portion, is body, fertilization usually occurs here

-isthmus- near uterus

-the site of egg fertilization

-conveys fertilized egg cells toward the uterus by ciliary action and by peristaltic contractions

major portion: body

rounded region superior to the entrance of uterine tubes: fundus

narrow neck,partially enclosed by the vagina:cervix

broad ligament

round ligament

cardinal ligament

utero-sacral ligament

ovarian ligament

suspensory ligament

bounds the uterus to anterior body wall 

-run through the inguinal canals to anchor in the subcutaneous tissue of the labia majora

endometrium

myometrium

perimetrium (serous)

has an outer functional layer which is superficial, and 1/2 shed with each period and a deeper basal layer which regenerates a new functional layer with each mentrual cycle

-the functional layer undergoes significant changes during menstrual cycle 

-transport sperm cells towards the uterine tube

-is the site of implantation of fertilized egg

-forms the placenta

-sustains embryo-fetus during development (birth)

length 8-10 cm 

-distensible, muscular tube

-tilted posteriorly between rectum & urethra

-contain rugae-horizontal folds that allow expansion

-vaginal mucosa-stratified squamous epithelium

-site of sperm cells deposition during sexual intercourse

-secretes an acidic fluid

-passageway for sperm and menstrual flow

-organ of copulation for female

prevents the membrane antigens of differentiating sperm from escaping through the basal lamina into the bloodstream where they would activate the immune system.

b/c sperm are not formed until puberty, they are absent when the immune system is being programmed to recognize a persons own tissue in early life

-Spermatogenesis is hormonally regulated to ensure a well controlled sperm production. The hormonal mechanisms that regulate sperm production are based on the principle of negative feedback. In a negative feedback system, an increase in an element's output causes its production to decrease.

-the anterior pituitary produces follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Action of LH is controlled by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). LH stimulates cells in the seminiferous tubules to secrete testosterone, which has a role in sperm production and developing male secondary sex characteristics. FSH acts on cells to help in sperm maturation. Negative feedback by testosterone controls the actions of GnRH.

mound of fat over pubic symphysis

apart of female external genitalia-vulva

thick, outer folds

pubic hair

erotic, sensory organ

corresponds to the male penis

contains two colums of erectile tissue

space enclosed by the two labia minors 

contain vestibular glands, vaginal opening, and urethral opening

secrete mucus into the vestibule during sexual stimulation

accessory glands beneath skin

-modified sweat glands

-each gland has 15 to 25 lobes that contain tubular glands

-the lobes are seperated by dense connective tissue

- mammary glands are connected to the nipple by ducts

-progesterone causes development of alveolar glands

prolactin is released during pregnancy

progesterone inhibits milk production durring pregnancy

- release of prolactin by the anterior pituitary 

reflex response of the nipple

at puberty FSH initiates the maturation of follicles

- primordial follicle: oocyte covered by single layer cell

-primary follicle:oocyte covered by several layer of cells

-secondary follicle:follicle cells forming fluid filled pockets

-graafian (mature follicle): oocyte inside a large follicle

when a primary oocyte undergoes the first meiotic division, it gives rise to a large _______ ________ and a small ____ _____ _____ in which original chromosome number is reduced by one half (from 46 to 23 or from diploid chromosomes to haploid chromosome)

usually only one _______ reaches full development each month.

secondary oocyte 

first polar body

follicle

Ovarian Cycle is:

& occurs in the ________.

follcile maturation and formation of Corpus Luteum.

ovaries

follicular phase

ovulatory phase

luteal phase

 primordial follicle becomes a primary follicle, then a secondary follicle and produce estrogen & a glycoprotein-rich protein substance that forms the zona pellucida, then a late secondary follicle,then vesicular follicle,

as one of the final events of follicle maturation, the primary oocyte completes meiosis I to from the secondary oocyte and first polar body 

ovulatory phase

ovulation

-occurs when the ballooning ovary wall ruptures and expels the secondary oocyte into the peritoneal cavity

-it is triggered when the anterior pituitary gland releases a relatively large amount of LH. 

-one follicle outstrips the others to become the dominant follicle and is at the peak stage of maturation when the hormonal stimulus LH is given for ovulation. the others degenerate and are reabsorbed

athe ruptured follicle collapses 

corpus luteum forms and begins to secrete progesterone and estrogen

-progesterone causes the uterine lining to become more vascular and glandular and  prepares the endometruim for implantation

-these secretions inhibit the release of LH and FSH by negative feedback mechansim

if pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates in about 10 days and its hormonal output ends. 

-regularly occuring change in the uterine lining (endometrium) followed by menstrual blood flow

-decrease in the concentration of estrogen and progesterone, causing the uterine lining to disintegrate -> menstrual flow

menstrual phase

proliferative phase

secretory phase

caused by lack of estrogen & progesterone

-days 1-5 

-the functional layer sloughs off in menses

shedding of the functional layer of the endometrium

-rising estrogen levels stimulate functional layer regeneration making the uterus receptive to implantation about one week after ovulation.

endometrium rebuilds itself

-days 6-14

-further thickening of endometrium due to secretion by endometrial glands

-estrogen effect- induce synthesis of progesterone receptors  in endometrial cells

rebuilding of the functional layer of the endometrium

progesterone effect

-days 15-28

-the uterine glands secrete glycogen, and endometrial vascularity increases further

begins immediately after ovulation. Enrichment of the blood supply and glandular secretion of nutrients prepare the endometrium to recieve an embryo