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Definition
| A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. |
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| The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel. |
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| A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction. |
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Definition
| The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction. |
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Definition
| The addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction. |
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Definition
| The electron donor in a redox reaction. |
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Definition
| The electron acceptor in a redox reaction. |
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| Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism. |
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Definition
| A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. |
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| The splitting of glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis is the one metabolic pathway that occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or aerobic respiration. |
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Definition
| A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration. |
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Term
| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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Definition
| The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain. |
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Term
| Substrate-Level Phosphorylation |
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Definition
| The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism. |
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Definition
| Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme. |
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Definition
| An iron-containing protein, a component of electron transport chains in mitochondria and chloroplasts. |
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Definition
| A cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondrial crista (and bacterial plasma membrane) that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases provide a port through which hydrogen ions diffuse into the matrix of a mitrochondrion. |
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Definition
| An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis. |
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Definition
| The potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis. |
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Definition
| Containing oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that requires oxygen. |
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Definition
| Lacking oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it. |
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Definition
| The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol. |
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Definition
| The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide. |
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Definition
| An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions. |
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Definition
| A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA. |
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