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Chapter 9 Test
A Diffusion of Languages
83
Geography
9th Grade
12/10/2008

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Cards

Term
The world is a _____ of languages?
Definition
Babel
Term
Is it possible to identify related languages?
Definition
Yes
Term
What language gave rise to the romance languages?
Definition
Latin of Roman
Term
When were the first languages spoken by the Homo Sapiens Sapiens?
Definition
200,000 years ago
Term
What was the first language spoken by the Homo Sapiens Sapiens?
Definition
Mother Tongue
Term
What has language diversification long been charted by?
Definition
Sound Shifts
Term
What technique is crutial to linguistic research?
Definition
Backward reconstruction
Term
What is Deep Reconstruction?
Definition
To deduce a large part of the vocabulary of a language
Term
Less than 20 years ago, who studied Sanskrit and discovered resemblence between vocabulary and grammer of Sanskrit and ancient Greek and Latin?
Definition
William Jones
Term
In the 19th century who suggested sound shifts might prove a relationship between languages and scientific manner?
Definition
Jacob Grimm
Term
How are constants formed?
Definition
By constriction of sound channel
Term
How is it believed constants change over time?
Definition
Predictibly
Term
Constants ______ over time?
Definition
Soften
Term
From who came the first linguistic hypothesis about the Proto-Indo-European language family?
Definition
William Jones and Jacob Grimm
Term
What is the first task followed to discover the Proto-Indo-Europen language?
Definition
Vocabulary Resconstruction
Term
What is the second task followed to discover the Proto-Indo-Europen language?
Definition
Hearth Originated
Term
What is the third task followed to discover the Proto-Indo-Europen language?
Definition
Routes of Diffusion
Term
What is the fourth task followed to discover the Proto-Indo-Europen language?
Definition
Ways of Life
Term
Who is the first scholar to compare the worlds language families of a tree?
Definition
August Schleicher
Term
What did August Schleicher suggest in the 19th century?
Definition
Basic process of language formation is language divergence
Term
What is language divergence?
Definition
Differentiation over time and space
Term
What is a complicating factor of language convergence?
Definition
Human mobility
Term
What is it called when long isolated languages make contact?
Definition
Language Convergence
Term
What is it called when languages of traditional, numerically smaller, and technologically less people have been replaced or modified by languages of invaders?
Definition
Language replacement
Term
Languages with words for _____ narrow location?
Definition
Crops
Term
When is time less an issue?
Definition
When vocabulary refers physiographic features
Term
Where does a conquest theory believe the origin lay?
Definition
North of Black Sea in steepes of Ukraine and Russia
Term
When does the conquest theory believe the origin developed?
Definition
less than 5000 years ago
Term
How does the conquest theory believe language spread?
Definition
Horseback
Term
Who suggested it was the spread of agriculture that diffused Proto-Indo-European?
Definition
Luca-Cavalli-Sforza and Robert Ammerman
Term
Who published a book in 1984 which reported terms were supplemented for trees such as mountain oak, pine, fir, willow, and ash?
Definition
Thomas Gamkrelidze and Victor Ivanow
Term
Where does the agriculture theory suggest the hearth originated?
Definition
Anatolia in Turkey
Term
When was the horse domesticated and the wheel put into use?
Definition
7000-9000 years ago
Term
Who argued farming led to unpredicted increase in populated?
Definition
Robert Sokal, Neal Olden, Chester Wilson
Term
It was proposed that every __ years the agricultural frontier moved __ kilometers (__ miles)?
Definition
25; 18; 11
Term
Anatolian region isn't an environment for what?
Definition
Farming
Term
Who described that East diffusion must have occured between Sanskrit and Ancient Latin and Greek?
Definition
William Jones
Term
How long was the evolution and diffusion of Proto?
Definition
9000 years
Term
How long was language divergence?
Definition
90,000 years
Term
Who carried agriculture theory by proposing not one but three agricultural hearths rise to language families?
Definition
Colin Renfrew
Term
Where did Indo-European come from?
Definition
Anatolia
Term
Which country has long been in the forefront of research of ancient languages but work wasn't well known until recently?
Definition
Russia
Term
In the 1960's who tackled problems of deep reconstruction of language ancestral Proto?
Definition
Vladislave Illich-Svitych and Aharon Dolguplsky
Term
What is believed to be the mother tongue based on the 1960's research?
Definition
Nostratic
Term
Speakers of Nostratic were _______ and _________ not _______?
Definition
Hunters; Gatherers; Farmers
Term
What is Nostratic the ancestor of?
Definition
Indo-European, Kartvelian, Uralic-Altaic, Dravidian, Afro-Asiatic
Term
What was the final stage of older language dispersal?
Definition
Pacific Realm and Americas
Term
When did Polynesians reach New Zeland?
Definition
More than 1000 years ago
Term
Polynesians reached Australia when?
Definition
50,000-60,000 years ago
Term
New Guinea was reached earlier or later?
Definition
Earlier
Term
Where did root-crop cultivation begin?
Definition
New Guinea
Term
When did root-crop cultivation being?
Definition
6000 years ago
Term
When was it believed Austronesians reached Taiwan?
Definition
6000 years ago
Term
What are the two Austronesian dialects?
Definition
Malayo-Polynesian, Polynesian
Term
What is the current language map of the Americas dominated by?
Definition
Indo-European
Term
What did Indo-European languages engulf in the Americas?
Definition
Native American languages
Term
How many Native Americans were in the Americas just before the European invasion?
Definition
40 million
Term
When was it believed the earliest people crossed the Berling land bridge?
Definition
12,000-13,000 years ago
Term
How many Native American language families were there?
Definition
200
Term
In what book (1987) did Joseph Greenberg propose 3 families of indigenous American languages?
Definition
"Language in the Americas"
Term
What are the three families of indigenous American languages?
Definition
Amerind, Na-Dene, Eskimo-Aleut
Term
When did a rock shelter in Pennsylvania have artifacts dated 16,000 years ago and in Chile were artifacts dated 33,000 years ago?
Definition
1980's and 1990's
Term
When did the first wave of migrants actually cross the Pacific ocean?
Definition
40,000 years ago
Term
What type of speakers will not remain the same?
Definition
Speakers of nonwritten languages
Term
The diffusion of a single tongue over a large area occurs only with what two things?
Definition
When people remain in contact with one another and continue to rely on a common linguistic frame of reference
Term
The changing character of the world's linguistic mosaic has been influenced by what three things?
Definition
1. Literacy- texts are a primary means by which language can be stabilized
2. Technology- influences production of written texts and the interaction of distant people
3. Political Organization- affects who people have access and which areas are in close contact with one another
Term
By ____ years ago, languages have successfully diffused over subcontinents?
Definition
2000
Term
What two developments in the middle ages are important to emergence of modern language pattern?
Definition
Printing press, nation-states rise
Term
What did the printing press help spread?
Definition
Religion
Term
What did the nation-states rise help promote?
Definition
Common culture
Term
Language is a powerful component of _________ and links in the heart of many current conflicts?
Definition
Ethnicity
Term
What percent of the world's people speak Indo-European languages?
Definition
50%
Term
What is the precessor of Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit?
Definition
Proto-Indo-European
Term
What was the prdecessor of Proto-Indo-European?
Definition
Nostratic
Term
Nostratic has no word for what animal?
Definition
Dog
Term
What percent of the worlds language history through Nostratic can we see?
Definition
10%
Term
What was the route of Austronesian?
Definition
Started in Chineese mainland, and then to Taiwan to Phillipines
Term
Who speaks Malayo-Polynesian?
Definition
Madagascar, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Fiji
Term
Who speaks Polynesian?
Definition
Miori
Term
True or False: Romance languages are derived from Latin.
Definition
True
Term
True or False: All languages are spread by contageous diffusion.
Definition
False
Term
True or False: Language started in one agricultural hearth.
Definition
False
Term
True or False: The divergence of languages in the New World is difficult to understand.
Definition
True
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