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Definition
Duke Otto's successors call their empire in Germany the Holy Roman Empire.
Holy because they are crowned by the pope.
Roman because they felt they were heirs to the emperors of ancient Rome. |
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Duke of Saxony in Germany.
Takes over German states and becomes their king.
Works closely with the church and appoints high officials. |
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Definition
| Emperors claim they have control over central and eastern Europe. Their vassals, dukes and counts really have this power. Emperors want this power and have a hard time controlling their vassals. |
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Who has the power to appoint high officials?
Emperors claim to, but the cluniac reforms ended this. Church doesn't want them to interfere. |
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Pope Gregory VII vs Henry IV
(lay investiture)
(Concordat of Worms) |
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Definition
| Pope Gregory VII wants the church to be independent secular emperors, so he outlaws lay investiture(process of appointing officials. This upsets Henry IV. This is solved with the Concordat of Worms which gave the church the power to appoint officials, and emperors the right to give them fiefs. |
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Frederick I (Barbarosa)
Frederick II |
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Definition
Frederick I- wants to build an empire from the Baltic to the Adriatic. Arranges marriage between his so Henry and Constance of Sicily Putting Germany into Italian affairs.
Frederick II- Son of Henry and Constance. Tries to subdue Italy like his grandfather but fails.
*Because they are involved in foreign affairs they are unable to unite Germany.* |
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Definition
Claims supremacy over all rulers. Clashes with many leaders and usually comes out on top.
Excommunicates John for appointing an archbishop, and Phillip II when he tries to annul his marriage. |
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Crusade
(Pope Innocent and his Crusade) |
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Definition
Crusade-A holy war
Pope Innocent launches the first crusade when the Albigensians try to simplify the catholic church. Thousands are killed. |
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Definition
Joins the crusades and tries to capture Jerusalem.
He sends his wife Adele news of his conquests. |
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World in 1050
-Islam
-India/China
-Africa
-The Americas
-Byzantine Empire |
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Definition
-Islam-Reaches from Spain to North Africa and the Middle East. Spread of goods and ideas occurs through caravans and scholars.
-Hindu and Buddhism flourish. Arabs adopt the Hindu Arabic Number system.
-Chinese invent paper, printing, gunpowder, and use coins and paper money.
-Soninke people of Africa create an empire in Ghana with gold.
-Mayans build a large empire.
-Byzantine empire- scholars study Roman and Greek literature. The Seljuk Turks invade, leading to a crusade. |
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Term
Alexius I and Pope Urban II
(Crusade)
(Seljuk Turks) |
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Definition
| Alexius I-Byzantine emperor) asks Pope Urban II for help to defeat the Seljuk Turks in the Holy Land. He agrees to help, he sees this as an opportunity to gain power. |
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Means God wills it.
Knights shout this when they begin to go to Jerusalem to fight off the Turks. |
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Definition
| Pope Urban calls for a Crusade against the Seljuk Turks in Jerusalem to free the holy land. |
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Definition
3rd Crusade- A failure to retake Jerusalem.
4th Crusade- Fight Christians instead of Muslims. Muslims capture the last christian outpost at Acre. Christians are massacred. |
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Term
Impact of the Crusades
(6 of them) |
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Definition
-Christians become enemies of Jews and Muslims.
-Increased Trade with the Middle East.
-Church grows in power.
-Feudal rulers like Louis IX gain power by leading the crusade.
-Economy Thrives
-Marco Polo explores China. |
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Term
Reconquista
(Granada)
(Ferdinand and Isabella) |
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Definition
| Reconquista- The reconquest, Spanish want to push the Muslims out of Spain. Under Ferdinand and Isabella's rule,There is one last attack at Granada that pushes the Muslims out of Spain. |
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Definition
Get married and brings together two powerful kingdoms of Spain.
Isabella wants to unify government and religion, ending a time of religious tolerance by the Muslims. |
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