Term
What characterizes the relationships between adolescents and their parents?
A)
Parents remain influential throughout their children's adolescence.
B)
Adolescents disengage completely from their parents and other family members.
C)
Parent-adolescent relationships are stormy and usually very negative.
D)
Parent-adolescent relationships dramatically deteriorate in about two-thirds of all families. |
|
Definition
A)
Parents remain influential throughout their children's adolescence. |
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Term
During which stage of development does formal operational thinking typically begin to emerge?
A)
early adulthood
B)
early adolescence
C)
about ages 3 to 5
D)
about ages 5 to 7 |
|
Definition
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Term
Permissive-_____ parents are responsive to their children but do not exert much control over them. Permissive- _____ parents do not impose rules on their children and are also not very responsive to them.
A)
indulgent; indifferent
B)
indifferent; indulgent
C)
authoritarian; authoritative
D)
authoritative; authoritarian |
|
Definition
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Term
If Claudia wishes to make sure that her newborn infant can see her face as clearly as possible, Claudia should position her face so that she is about _____ away from her newborn's face.
A)
six to twelve inches
B)
two to five inches
C)
two to three feet
D)
four to six feet |
|
Definition
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Term
During the embryonic period, the:
A)
mother can feel the fetus moving.
B)
fetus gains an additional three to four pounds of body fat.
C)
organs and major systems of the body form.
D)
zygote undergoes rapid cell division |
|
Definition
C)
organs and major systems of the body form. |
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Term
Development during adulthood reflects the increasing importance of:
A)
symbolic thought.
B)
individual variation.
C)
social conflicts.
D)
temperament. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
Mrs. Hall has always enjoyed quiet, solitary pursuits, such as gardening and reading. Now that she is almost 80, the activity theory of aging would predict that her life satisfaction will be highest if she:
A)
disengages from those activities.
B)
joins several senior citizen groups, travels, and takes up new hobbies that force her to interact with other people.
C)
continues to pursue the activities that she has always enjoyed.
D)
enters a nursing home. |
|
Definition
C)
continues to pursue the activities that she has always enjoyed. |
|
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Term
According to Erikson's theory, in late adulthood, regret is to _____ as self-acceptance and pride is to _____.
A)
inferiority; industry
B)
isolation; intimacy
C)
despair; ego integrity
D)
stagnation; generativity |
|
Definition
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Term
The diverse characteristics of different body cells develop because:
A)
each cell type contains a distinct set of genes that is specific to that type of cell.
B)
each body cell type contains a different set of chromosomes.
C)
they contain a different genotype.
D)
different genes are activated. |
|
Definition
D)
different genes are activated. |
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Term
On a rainy afternoon, 5-year-old Nathan had great fun building a pirate ship using the cushions from the couch and several kitchen chairs. Nathan's imaginary play reflects his capacity for _____, which is a characteristic of the _____ stage of cognitive development.
A)
object permanence; preoperational
B)
abstract reasoning; concrete operational
C)
conservation; preoperational
D)
symbolic thought; preoperational |
|
Definition
D)
symbolic thought; preoperational |
|
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Term
Sid is seriously ill, and his doctor has warned him that his chances of survival are not good. When Sid's wife visits him in the hospital, Sid tells her that he is feeling much better and expects to be home in a couple of days and back to work in a matter of weeks. According to Kübler-Ross's model of dying, Sid is in which stage of the dying process?
A)
depression
B)
denial
C)
bargaining
D)
anxiety |
|
Definition
Sid is seriously ill, and his doctor has warned him that his chances of survival are not good. When Sid's wife visits him in the hospital, Sid tells her that he is feeling much better and expects to be home in a couple of days and back to work in a matter of weeks. According to Kübler-Ross's model of dying, Sid is in which stage of the dying process?
A)
depression
B)
denial
C)
bargaining
D)
anxiety |
|
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Term
A gene encodes the instructions for:
A)
a specific combination of amino acids that form a particular protein molecule.
B)
a particular physical or psychological characteristic that you will display.
C)
a particular combination of chromosomes.
D)
one of 46 specific combinations of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). |
|
Definition
A)
a specific combination of amino acids that form a particular protein molecule. |
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Term
Erv and Fern continue to care for older relatives and for their young grandchildren even though they are both older adults. This example suggests that:
A)
caregiving responsibilities can persist throughout the lifespan.
B)
relatives often take advantage of older adults and overestimate their energy level.
C)
disengagement from everyday life takes place in late adulthood.
D)
American culture does not appropriately value the contributions of older adults. |
|
Definition
A)
caregiving responsibilities can persist throughout the lifespan. |
|
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Term
The most effective form of discipline is _____, which involves combining control of behavior with _____.
A)
authoritarian; punishment
B)
induction; teaching
C)
authoritative; indifference
D)
induction; punishment |
|
Definition
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Term
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of language development from birth to about age 2?
A)
cooing, babbling, one-word stage, two-word stage
B)
babbling, cooing, two-word stage, four-word stage
C)
production, comprehension, one-word stage
D)
consonants, vowels, babbling, two-word stage |
|
Definition
A)
cooing, babbling, one-word stage, two-word stage |
|
|
Term
In Piaget's theory, the term irreversibility refers to the:
A)
ability to reverse mental operations.
B)
inability to reverse mental operations.
C)
inability to focus on all relevant aspects of a situation.
D)
ability to comprehend that some actions cannot be undone. |
|
Definition
B)
inability to reverse mental operations. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is TRUE of the placenta?
A)
It is the fluid-filled sac that houses the developing embryo and fetus.
B)
It forms during the seventh month of prenatal development.
C)
It is fully developed about six months after birth.
D)
It prevents the mother's blood from mixing with the blood of the developing embryo and fetus. |
|
Definition
D)
It prevents the mother's blood from mixing with the blood of the developing embryo and fetus. |
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Term
According to research conducted by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, temperamental patterns:
A)
are likely to change when children start school.
B)
are remarkably stable throughout childhood.
C)
typically change around age 2 and again at about age 6.
D)
vary on a daily basis throughout infancy and childhood. |
|
Definition
B)
are remarkably stable throughout childhood. |
|
|
Term
Based on the cross-cultural research presented in your text, what can be concluded about parent-offspring relationships during adolescence?
A)
In both individualistic and collectivistic cultures, conflict is highest in late adolescence.
B)
Conflict between adolescents and their parents is more intense in traditional, collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures like the United States, where adolescents are given more freedom.
C)
In both collectivistic and individualistic cultures, adolescents are motivated to develop increased independence and autonomy.
D)
Adolescents in highly traditional, collectivistic cultures report virtually no conflict with their parents, suggesting that adolescent rebellion is present primarily in individualistic cultures like the United States. |
|
Definition
D)
Adolescents in highly traditional, collectivistic cultures report virtually no conflict with their parents, suggesting that adolescent rebellion is present primarily in individualistic cultures like the United States. |
|
|
Term
.
Within hours of being born, an infant displays a preference for his or her mother's _____ over that of a stranger.
A)
touch
B)
voice
C)
heartbeat
D)
car |
|
Definition
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Term
Kyle is studying how language abilities change throughout childhood, and Kelly is studying cognitive changes in late adulthood. Both Kyle and Kelly are conducting studies in which area of psychology?
A)
clinical psychology
B)
humanistic psychology
C)
comparative psychology
D)
developmental psychology |
|
Definition
D)
developmental psychology |
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Term
Jack and Maggie are both 35 years old. How are their relationships with same-sex friends likely to differ?
A)
Jack shares activities with his male friends, while Maggie talks to her female friends about her feelings problems, and interpersonal relationships.
B)
Jack primarily talks to his male friends about his problems and his marriage, and Maggie tends to go shopping, play golf, and go bowling with her female friends.
C)
Both Maggie and Jack are likely to talk to their same-sex friends about their feelings, personal problems, and relationships.
D)
Jack is more likely than Maggie to benefit from his friendships. |
|
Definition
A)
Jack shares activities with his male friends, while Maggie talks to her female friends about her feelings problems, and interpersonal relationships. |
|
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Term
The classic conservation task developed by Piaget involves two short containers that contain equal amounts of liquid. While a child watches, the water from one container is poured into a tall, thin beaker, and the child is asked which beaker holds more water, the short container or the tall container. Four-year-old Daniel answers the question incorrectly, while seven-year-old Emily is able to answer the question correctly. Why?
A)
Daniel is in the preoperational stage, while Emily is in the concrete operational stage.
B)
Girls progress through the stages of cognitive development earlier and faster than boys do.
C)
Emily is in the formal operational stage, and Daniel is in the concrete operational stage.
D)
Daniel is in the sensorimotor stage, and Emily is in the preoperational stage. |
|
Definition
A)
Daniel is in the preoperational stage, while Emily is in the concrete operational stage. |
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Term
Both Bonnie and Brendan spend a lot of time in the sun. Bonnie has freckles but her brother Brendan doesn't have freckles. You can safely assume that:
A)
Bonnie and Brendan have the same genotype, even though their phenotypes differ.
B)
Bonnie and Brendan have inherited different alleles for the trait of freckles.
C)
Bonnie wears sunscreen but Brendan doesn't.
D)
Bonnie and Brendan have different genomes. |
|
Definition
B)
Bonnie and Brendan have inherited different alleles for the trait of freckles |
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Term
Studies that compared attachment in infants who attended day care with attachment in infants who were cared for by a parent at home showed that:
A)
most of the infants in both groups were securely attached.
B)
most of the infants in day care were insecurely attached.
C)
the proportion of infants in day care who were insecurely attached was four times that of infants who were cared for by a parent at home.
D)
infants in day care were securely attached to their caregivers at the day care facility but were insecurely attached to their parents. |
|
Definition
A)
most of the infants in both groups were securely attached. |
|
|
Term
Parenting styles can be described in terms of two dimensions:
A)
parental control and parental responsiveness.
B)
level of discipline and type of punishment.
C)
type of discipline and socioeconomic background.
D)
level of affection and level of indulgence. |
|
Definition
A)
parental control and parental responsiveness. |
|
|
Term
Cindy and her twin Ryan have just celebrated their 8th birthday. Cindy will probably start the physical and sexual changes of puberty:
A)
at a later age than her brother will.
B)
at an earlier age than her brother will.
C)
at about the same age as her brother will.
D)
much later than the average girl, because of her close relationship with her twin brother. |
|
Definition
B)
at an earlier age than her brother will. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A)
If your genotype contains a copy of the dominant “freckles” gene you will develop freckles regardless of environmental factors, such as exposure to sunlight.
B)
The phenotype is the underlying genetic makeup of a particular individual.
C)
It only takes one recessive gene for a female to have a sex-linked recessive characteristic.
D)
To be “freckle free” you would have to inherit two recessive “no-freckle” genes, one from each biological parent. |
|
Definition
D)
To be “freckle free” you would have to inherit two recessive “no-freckle” genes, one from each biological parent. |
|
|
Term
Alleles are:
A)
different forms of a particular gene.
B)
different types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
C)
defective chromosomes that are missing a few key genes.
D)
chemicals or other environmental agents that are known to cause birth defects. |
|
Definition
A)
different forms of a particular gene. |
|
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Term
Which of the following is NOT recommended as an effective way for parents to foster psychological health in their children?
A)
combine parental control with affection, responsiveness to the child's needs, and flexibility
B)
consider the child's temperament, age, and stage of cognitive development in setting reasonable expectations for the child's behavior
C)
expect even very young children to think and behave like miniature adults
D)
listen to the child and provide plenty of warmth and affection |
|
Definition
C)
expect even very young children to think and behave like miniature adults |
|
|
Term
Your textbook describes the classic conservation task in which a 5-year-old child observes equal amounts of liquid in two identical short, wide containers. The child watches as liquid is poured from one short, wide container into a tall, thin container, and is then asked which container holds more water. How does a typical 5-year-old respond?
A)
“The tall, thin container has more water.”
B)
“The short, wide container has more water.”
C)
“Both containers have the same amount of water.”
D)
“I have to go to the bathroom.” |
|
Definition
A)
“The tall, thin container has more water.” |
|
|
Term
The newly born infant:
A)
is capable of a variety of voluntary behaviors, including rolling over.
B)
is able to see near objects more clearly than distant objects.
C)
is unable to distinguish between different voices.
D)
has no sense of smell. |
|
Definition
B)
is able to see near objects more clearly than distant objects. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
A)
sensorimotor, concrete operations, preoperational, formal operations
B)
preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operations, formal operations
C)
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations
D)
concrete operations, sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operations |
|
Definition
C)
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations |
|
|
Term
In comparison to the age at which young adults got married in 1960, the median age for first marriage in the year 2003 was:
A)
younger for both males and females.
B)
older for both males and females.
C)
older for males and younger for females.
D)
younger for males and older for females. |
|
Definition
B)
older for both males and females. |
|
|
Term
When Ryan brings home his spelling and math papers from the second grade, Ryan's stepmother expresses pride in his work and posts the papers on the refrigerator for the other family members to see. In terms of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, Ryan's stepmother is fostering a sense of _____ in Ryan.
A)
generativity
B)
identity
C)
industry
D)
autonomy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
According to developmental psychologist Jerome Kagan, a low-reactive infant:
A)
would have difficulty adjusting to loud, busy, or crowded environments.
B)
typically reacts intensively to new experiences, strangers, and novel objects.
C)
probably has at least some degree of hearing loss or visual impairment, making it more difficult for the infant to interact with the immediate environment.
D)
is more likely to show curiosity and interest than fear when exposed to new objects, people, or experiences. |
|
Definition
D)
is more likely to show curiosity and interest than fear when exposed to new objects, people, or experiences. |
|
|
Term
Piaget believed that each child:
A)
is shaped solely by environmental and social experiences.
B)
actively tries to make sense of his or her environment.
C)
progresses through a series of eight stages of psychosocial development.
D)
is biologically programmed to learn any language. |
|
Definition
B)
actively tries to make sense of his or her environment. |
|
|
Term
In the United States, average life expectancy for men is about _____ years, whereas average life expectancy for women is about _____ years.
A)
79; 72
B)
82; 89
C)
75; 80
D)
64; 71 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The information-processing model of cognitive development emphasizes the view that cognitive development is:
A)
a process of continuous change over the lifespan.
B)
greatly enhanced by computerized practice of basic skills.
C)
almost completely accomplished prior to the adolescent years.
D)
a series of eight distinct stages that extend from infancy to late adulthood. |
|
Definition
A)
a process of continuous change over the lifespan. |
|
|
Term
Janeen enters the playroom of the psychology lab with her 1-year-old daughter Peggy. Initially, Peggy clings to her mother, but then becomes interested in the attractive toys in the playroom. She picks up a toy and brings it back to her mother, then drops it and approaches the toy box again. Peggy cries when Janeen leaves the room, but quickly calms down again when her mother returns. Peggy would most likely be classified as:
A)
securely attached.
B)
difficult and slow-to-warm-up.
C)
insecurely attached.
D)
preoperational. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bob and Connie have raised three children. The youngest has just graduated from college and is about to leave home to take a job in another city. Over the next few years, Bob and Connie can expect to experience:
A)
the dissatisfaction, loneliness, and boredom that accompanies the “empty nest” syndrome.
B)
a sharp decrease in marital satisfaction.
C)
a steady increase in marital satisfaction.
D)
no noticeable change in their marital relationship or level of marital satisfaction. |
|
Definition
C)
a steady increase in marital satisfaction |
|
|
Term
Warm and responsive parenting is to _____ as neglectful and insensitive parenting is to _____.
A)
altruistic attachment; benign indifference
B)
secure attachment; insecure attachment
C)
collectivistic cultures; individualistic cultures
D)
easy temperament; difficult temperament |
|
Definition
B)
secure attachment; insecure attachment |
|
|
Term
The three basic parenting styles described by psychologist Diana Baumrind are:
A)
authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive.
B)
permissive-indulgent, authoritative, and ambivalent.
C)
authoritarian, inductive, and physical.
D)
ambivalent, reciprocal, and permissive. |
|
Definition
A)
authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive. |
|
|
Term
During their last year of life, MOST older adults:
A)
experience poor health, mental confusion, and are cared for in a nursing home.
B)
are in relatively good health, self-sufficient, and mentally alert.
C)
are impoverished and dependent upon others for support.
D)
are completely disabled. |
|
Definition
B)
are in relatively good health, self-sufficient, and mentally alert. |
|
|
Term
The term _____ refers to the stage in which an individual reaches sexual maturity and becomes physiologically capable of sexual reproduction.
A)
centration
B)
zone of proximal development
C)
puberty
D)
generativity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Despite the fact that Crystal is doing above average work in fourth grade, her father tells her that her grades are unsatisfactory and that she is not working hard enough. According to Erikson's theory, Crystal is likely to develop a pervasive sense of:
A)
mistrust.
B)
despair.
C)
inferiority.
D)
doubt. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Although he is more than a year old, Jason wakes up frequently during the night and is hard to soothe back to sleep. In general, he cries easily, is a fussy eater, and rarely naps at the same time every day. Jason would most likely be categorized as:
A)
slow-to-warm-up.
B)
difficult.
C)
easy.
D)
securely attached. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mr. Scianna is a normal, healthy, 47-year-old man. In general, he can expect his physical stamina, strength, and reaction time to:
A)
be the same as when he was in his twenties and thirties.
B)
decline dramatically over the next three years.
C)
gradually decline over the next ten years.
D)
gradually increase over the next twenty years. |
|
Definition
C)
gradually decline over the next ten years. |
|
|
Term
Elizabeth grew up in a home in which both of her biological parents were present. At school, Elizabeth's best friend is Alyssa. Alyssa's biological parents divorced shortly after Alyssa was born. Because her father lives overseas, she has only seen her father once. Consequently, Alyssa has grown up in a home where her biological father is absent. According to the information discussed in your text, which of the following scenarios is MOST likely to occur?
A)
Because their family backgrounds are so different, the friendship between Elizabeth and Alyssa is not likely to continue beyond middle school.
B)
Elizabeth is much more likely than Alyssa to finish high school.
C)
Alyssa is likely to experience puberty at an earlier age than Elizabeth.
D)
Alyssa is likely to experience puberty at a later age than Elizabeth. |
|
Definition
C)
Alyssa is likely to experience puberty at an earlier age than Elizabeth |
|
|
Term
According to the Focus on Neuroscience box, at approximately what age does the brain reach full maturity?
A)
at birth
B)
during late childhood
C)
at the onset of puberty
D)
during the mid-twenties |
|
Definition
D)
during the mid-twenties |
|
|
Term
According to the Focus on Neuroscience box, at approximately what age does the brain reach full maturity?
A)
at birth
B)
during late childhood
C)
at the onset of puberty
D)
during the mid-twenties |
|
Definition
D)
during the mid-twenties |
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