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| the science of heredity and of the mechanisms by which traits are passed from parents to offspring |
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| the passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring |
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| a genetically determined characteristic |
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| the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structures (the anthers) to the tip of a female reproductive structure (the pistil) of a flower in angiosperms or to the ovule in gymnosperms |
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| the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to the stigma of the same flower or to the stigma of another flower on the same plant |
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| a reproductive process in which pollen from one plant is transferred to the stigma of another plant |
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describes organisms or genotypes that are homozygous for a specific trait and thus always produce offspring that have the same phenotype for that trait |
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parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross |
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the first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms |
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the second generation of offspring, obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms; the offspring of the F1 generation |
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describes the allele that is fully expressed when carried by only one of a pair of homologous chromosomes |
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describes a trait or an allele that is expressed only when two recessive alleles for the same characteristic are inherited |
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| Mende's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete |
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| law of independent assortment |
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the law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis |
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the study of the structure of nucleic acids and the function and regulation of genes |
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one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color |
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the entire genetic makeup of an organism; also the combination of genes for one or more specific traits |
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| an organism's appearance or other detectable characteristic that results from the organism's genotype and the environment |
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describes an individual that has identical alleles for a trait on both homologous chromosomes |
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| describes an individual that has two different alleles for a trait |
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the likelihood that a possible future event will occur in any given instance of the event; the mathematical ratio of the number of times one outcome of any event is likely to occur to the number of possible outcomes of the event |
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a cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits |
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a graphic used to predict the results of a genetic cross |
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the ratio of the genotypes that appear in offspring |
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the ratio of phenotypes produced by a cross |
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| the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype |
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a relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over another |
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| a condition in which a trait in an individual is intermediate between the phenotype of the individual's two parents because the dominant allele is unable to express itself fully |
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a condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed |
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| a cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same gene |
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