occurs where bones are held together by dense regular connective tissue

• end of bones and bone parts (no joint cavity)

fluid-filled, joint cavity that separates the articulating surfaces of the bones.

The articulation surfaces are enclosed within a capsule, and the bones are also joined by various ligaments

(joined together)

 an immobile joint

(around)

is a slightly mobile joint

(two)

is a freely mobile joint

Fibrous Periodontal membranes

EX: Tooth to jaw

FUNCTION: Synarthrosis

Fibrous Dense regular connective tissue connects skull bones

EX: Lambdoid Suture

FUNCTION: Synarthrosis

Fibrous Dense regular connective tissue fibers between bones (interosseous membrane)

EX: Articulation betwen radius and ulna, and between tibia and fibula

FUNCTION: Amphiarthrosis

Cartilaginous Hyaline cartilage plate between bones

EX: Epiphyseal plates in growing bones; costochondral joints

FUNCTION: Synarthrosis

Synovial Flattened or slightly curved faces slide across one another

EX: Intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints

FUNCTION: Diarthrosis

Synovial Permits angular movements in a single plane

EX: Elbow Joint

FUNCTION: Diarthrosis

Synovial Permits rotation only

EX: Atlantoaxial Joint

FUNCTION: Diarthrosis

Synovial Oval articular surface on one bone closely interfaces with a depressed oval surface on another bone

EX: Condylar Joint MP Joints(metacarpophalangeal)

FUNCTION: Diarthrosis

Synovial Saddle-shaped articular surface on one bone closely interfaces with depressd surface on another bone

EX: Articulation between carpal and first metacarpal bone

FUNCTION: Diarthrosis

Synovial Round head of one bone rests within cup-shaped depressin in another bone

EX: Glenohumeral joint, hip joint

FUNCTION: Diarthrosis

Dense regular connective tissue in the suture becomes ossifed, fusing the skull bones together

Cartilaginous Fibrocartilage pad betweeen bones

EX: Pubic Symphysis; Intervertebral disc articulations

FUNCTION: Amphiarthrosis

Articular Capsule

Joint Cavity

Synovial Fluid

Articular Cartilage

Ligaments

Nerves

Blood Vessels

a double layered capsule

Outer Layer - Fibrous Layer

Inner Layer - Synovial Membrane

formed from dense regular connective tissue

strengthens the joint to prevent the bones from being pulled apart.

composed primarily of areolar connective tissue

covers all the internal joint surfaces not covered by cartilage

lines the articulare capsule

• thin layer of hyaline cartilage
• reduces friction in the joint during movement
• acts as a spongy cushion to absorb compression placed on the joint
• prevents damage to the articulation ends of the bones

represent thickenings of the articular capsule itself

• extracapsular ligaments outside the articular capsule
• intracapsular ligaments within the articular capsule

are not part of the synovial joint itself 

composed of dense regular connective tissue

attaches a muscle to a bone

a fibrous, saclike structure that contains synovial fluid and is lined by a synovial membrane

Designed to alleviate the friction resulting from the various body movements, such as a tendon or ligament rubbing against bone

wraps around tendons where there may be excessive friction

common in the wrist and ankles

also called a planar or gliding joint

least mobile type of diarthrosis

found in the carpal and tarsal bones

uniaxial joint

convex surface of one articulatin bone fits into a concave depression on the other bone.

Example: Elbow Joint, Knee, and the finger joints

uniaxial joint

one articularing bone with a rounded surface fits into a ring formed by a ligament and another bone.

Example: proximal radioulnar joint, atlantoaxial joint between the the first two cervical vertebrae.

also called condyloid or ellipsoid joints

Biaxial - back and forth side to side

EX: metacarpophlanges (MP) joints of fingers 2 -5 (knuckles)

articular surfaces of the bones have convex and concave regions that resemble the shape of a saddle

EX: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb - the thumb to move toward the other fingers so that we can grasp objects

multiaxial joints

spherical articulating head of one bone fits into the rounded, cuplike socket of a second bone

EX: hip joint, glenohumeral joint

movement in an anterior-posterior plane of the body that decreases the angle between the articulating bones

EX: bending your fingers toward your palm to make a fist, bending your forearm toward your arm at the elbow

(stretching out) movement in an anterior-posterior plane that increases the angle between the articulating bones

EX: straightening your arm and forearm until the upper limb projects directly away from the anterior side of your body

(above normal)

extension of a joint beyond 180 degrees

EX: Glancing up at the ceiling while standing, your neck is hyperextended

either increases or decreases the angel between two bones

EX: flexion & extension, hyperextension, lateral flexion, abduction and adduction and circumduction

(move away)

lateral movement of a body part away from the body midline

(move toward)

medial movement of a body part toward the body midline

is a sequence of movements in which the proximal end of an appendage remains relatively stationary while the distal end makes a circular motion

around

is a sequence of movements in which the proximal end of an appendage remains relatively stationary while the distal end makes a circular motion

is the articulation formed at the point where the head of the mandible articulates with the articular tubercle of the temporal one anteriorly and the mandibular fossa posteriorly

is composed of two short bands on the lateral portion of the articular capsule. 

These bands extend inferiorly and posteriorly from the articular tubercle to the mandible

Axial Skeleton Joint

Suture

Fibrous Joint

Synarthrosis

Suture

Temporomandibular

Atlanto-occipital

Intervertebral

Vertebrocostal

Lumbosacral

Sternocostal

Sternal end of clavicle, manubrium of sternum, and first costal cartilage

Synovial

Diarthrosis

Elevation, depression, circumduction

Acromial end of clavicle and acromion of scapula

Synovial

Diarthrosis

Gliding of scapula on clavicle

Glenoid cavity of scapula and head of humerus

Synovial (ball-and-socket)

Diarthrosis

Abduction, adduction, circumduction, extension,flexion,hyperextension,lateral rotation,and medial rotation of arm

Trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna

Synovial (hinge)

Diarthrosis

Extension and flextion of forearm

Capitulum of humerus and head of radius

Synovial (hinge)

Diarthrosis

Extension and flextion of forearm

Proximal Joint:  Head of radius and radial notch of ulna

Distal Joint:  Distal end of ulna and ulnar notch of radius

Synovial (pivot)

Diarthrosis

Rotation of radius with respect to the ulna

Distal end of radius; lunate, scaphoid, and triquetrum

Synovial (condylar)

Diarthrosis

Abduction,adduction,circumduction,extension,and flexion of wrist

Adjacent bones in proximal row of capal bones

Adjacent bones in distal row of carpal bones

Adjacent bones between proximal and distal rows (midcarpal joints)

Synovial (plane)

Diarthrosis

Gliding

Thumb; trapezium (carpal bone) and first metacarpal

Other digets: Carpals and metacarpals II-V

Synovial (saddle) at thumb; synovial (plane) at other digits

Diarthrosis

Abduction,adduction,circumduction,extension,

flexion,and opposition at thumb;gliding at other digits

Head of metacarpals and bases of proximal phalanges

Synovial (hinge)

Diarthrosis

Extension and flextion of phalanges

Adjacent skull bones

Fibrous joint

Synarthrosis

Superior articular facets of atlas and occipital condyles of occipital bone

Synovial (condylar) joint

Diarthrosis

Extension and flexion of the head; slight lateral flexion of head to sides

Vertebral bodies of adjacent vertebrae

Superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

Cartilaginous joint (symphysis) between vertebral bodies; synovial (plane) joint between articular processes

Facets of heads of ribs and bodies of adjacent thoracic vertebrae and intervertebral discs between adjacent vertebrae

Articular part of tubercles of ribs and facets of transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae

Synovial (plane) joint

Diarthrosis

Some slight gliding

Body of the fifth lumbar vertebra and base of the sacrum

Inferior articular facets of fifth lumbar vertebra Superior articular facets of first sacral vertebra

Cartilaginous joint (symphysis) between lumbar body and base of sacrum

synovial (plane) joint between articular facets

Amphiarthrosis between body and base diarthrosis between articular facets

Extension, flextion, lateral flexion of vertebral column

Sternum and first seven pairs of ribs

Cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis) between sternum and first ribs

synovial (plane) joint between sternum and ribs 2-7

Synarthrosis between sternum and first ribs; diarthrosis between sternum and ribs 2-7

No movement between sternum and first ribs; some gliding movement permitted between sternum and ribs 2-7

Infraspinatus

Subscapularis

Supraspinatus

Teres MInor

Auricular surfaces of sacrum and ilia

Synovial (plane)

Diarthrosis

Slight gliding; more movement during pregnancy and childbirth

Head of femur and accetabulum of os coxae

Synovial (ball-and-socket)

Diarthrosis

Abduction,adduction,circumduction,extension,

flexion,medial and lateral rotation of thigh

Two pubic bones

Carlilaginous (symphysis)

Amphiarthrosis

Very slight movement; more movement during childbirth

Patellofemoral joint: Patella and patellar surface of femur

Tibiofemoral joint:  Distal end of fibula and fibular notch of tibia

Superior Joint: Synovial (plane)

Inferior joint:  Fibrous (syndesmosis)

Amphiarthrosis

Slight rotation of fibula during dorsiflexion of foot

Distal end of tibia and medial malleolus with talus

Lateral malleolus of fibula and talus

Synovial (hinge)

Diarthrosis

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Between the tarsal bones

Synovial (plane)

Diarthrosis

Eversion and inversion of foot

Tarsometatarsal

Three cuneiforms (tarsal bones),cuboid, and bases of five metatarsal bones

Synovial (plane)

Diarthrosis

Slight gliding

Heads of metatarsals and bases of proximal phalanges

Synovial (condylar)

Diarthrosis

Abduction,adduction,circumduction,extension,and flexion of proximal phalanges

Heads of proximal and middle phalanges with bases of middle and distal phalanges, respectively

Synovial (hinge)

Diarthrosis

Extension and flexion of phalanges

flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containg synovial fluid

common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons or bones rub together

Covers posterior and lateral aspects of the knee

Covers tibial and femoral condyles

Does not cover the anterior aspect of the knee

Anteriorly - covered by three ligaments

Patellar ligament

Medial retinaculum

Lateral retinaculum

Patellar ligament

Medial retinaculum

Lateral retinaculum

become taut when knee is extended

Provide support of sides of the knee

Ligaments are

Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament

Tibial (medial) collateral ligament

Cruciate ligament - cross each othe like an X

Prevent undesirable movement at the knee joint

Each runs from the proximal tibia to the distal femur

Anterior Cruciate ligament - anterior tibia to posterior femur

Posterior cruciate ligament - posterior tibia to anterior inferior femur

Triple ligamentous injury

Tibial collateral ligament

Medial meniscul

ACL (anterior cruciate ligament)

when the knee is extended, the _____  is pulled tight and prevents hyperextension. 

Also prevents tibia from moving too far anteriorly on the femur

becomes tight on flexion and so prevents hyperflexion of the knee joint. 

The _____ also prevents posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur

• found in the elbow - radial and ulnar
• stabilizes the joint
• extends around the head of the radius between the anular ligament and the lateral epicondyle of the humerus

15 liters per hour

(250 mL per minute)

12 Liters of carbon dioxide

(200 mL per minute)

in the same location in the blood are relatively constant

The partial pressures at a given location are therefore also relatively constant

Cells

systemic veins

the right atrium and ventricle

200 mL of oxygen

3 mL in plasma

197 mL in hemoglobin

31 mL (6%) of CO₂ dissolved in plasma

39 mL (7%) of CO₂ bound to hemoglobin

470 mL (87%) of CO₂ in the form of bicarbonate

leftward shift

• indicate that a lower P_O2 is required to achieve any give level of saturation
• indicates that oxygen is loaded more easily onto hemoglobin

rightward shift

• indicating that a higher P_O2 is required to achieve any given lever of saturation
• indicates oxygen is unoladed more easity from hemoglobin, making it more available to the tissue

       Carbonic anhydrase

CO₂ + H₂O <---------------------> H₂CO₃

diaphrapgm, via the phrenic nerve

and

the external intercostal muscles via the external intercostal nerves