Term
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Definition
| • A set of individuals who interact over time and have shared fate, goals, or identity |
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Term
| what is a low end/ high end group |
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Definition
low end- low exclusiveness such as a people at work, concert, restaurant ( collectives)
high end- tight knit clubs, things in which you interact a lot with other members and engage in meaningful activities |
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Term
| What happens with newcomers in a group |
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Definition
| they begin socialization into the group either explicitly ( through a ritual or orientation program) or implicitly through simply studying how other members act. It is important that new members learn their roles and the norms of the group |
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Term
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Definition
• Roles- set of expected behaviors ,can be formal or informal
- Formal roles are devised by titles
- Informational roles
□ Instrumental- help the group achieve a task
□ Expressive - provide emotional support and maintain morale |
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Term
| why do new/old members vary on their views of deviation |
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Definition
| new members want to prove their worth and establish position by harshly punishing deviants. Old members may change their viewpoints on deviation if it helps prevent group injury. |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which forces push group members closer together through feelings of intimacy, unity and group commitment |
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Term
| what are the 2 other types of cohesion |
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Definition
task cohesion- primarily about the group's attraction to the task
interpersonal cohesion- primarily about the group's attraction to each other |
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Term
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Definition
| a process wherevy the presence of others enhances performance on an easy task and impairs performance of a difficult task |
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Term
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Definition
1. the presence of others creates physiological arousal which energizes behavior.
2. increased arousal enhances performance of dominant responses
3. the quality of an individual's performance varies according to the type of task. On easy tasks the dominant response is usually correct, on a harder task this usually is not correct |
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Term
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Definition
| the reactions most easily elicited by a given stimulus |
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Term
| evaluation apprehension theory |
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Definition
| theory that the presenc of others will produce social facilitation effects only when they are seen as potential evaluators |
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Term
| distraction conflict thoery |
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Definition
| theory that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others distract from the task and create attentional conflict. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bib Latane (79') a group produces reduction in individual output on tasks where contributions are pooled |
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Term
| Aggarwal and O'brien ('08)factors which limit social loafing |
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Definition
- limit the scope of the task ( break it into chunks
- keep groups small
- use peer evaluations |
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Term
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Definition
| theory that individuals will exert effort on a collective task to the degree that they think their individual efforts will be important, relevant, or produced desired outcomes ( Karu & Williams '01) |
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Term
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Definition
| the loss of the sense of individuality and the reduction of normal constraints against deviant behavior |
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Term
| What factors create deindividuation ( Zimbardo '69) |
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Definition
| arousal, anonymity, reduced feelings of responsibility |
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Term
| Dunn & Rogers ( '82 '83) environmental cues of deindividuation |
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Definition
1. accountibility cues
- when something in the environment is affecting cost/ reward calculations i.e there is perceived low accountibility
2. Attentional cues
- when your focus is shifted away from you, you disregard internal standards of conduct, act on impulses, and are less sensitive to the long term consequences of behavior |
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Term
| Social identity model of deindividuation effects ( SIDE) |
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Definition
| model of group behavior that explains deindividuation effects as the result of a shift from personal identity to social identity |
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Term
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Definition
| the reduction of group performance due to obstacles created by group processes. |
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Term
| what are the 3 types of task that derail performance |
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Definition
1. additive task
- the product is the sum of all members' contributions
2. conjunctive task
- the product is determined by the performance of the individual with the poorest performance ( tends to be worst)
3. disjunctive task
- product based on the performance of the best member ( unless a solution is simple and easy groups won't use it and thus they underperform compared to best member) |
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Term
| What methods help perserve productivity and amusement in group brainstorming (2) |
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Definition
| 1. being motivated for collective group success 2. being motivated to exert effort to achieve a good understanding of the group task or problem at hand. |
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Term
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Definition
| the exaggeration of initial tendencies in the thinking of group members through group discussion |
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Term
| persuasive argument theory of group polarization |
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Definition
| the more persuasive arguments a group is exposed to, the more extreme their attitudes become |
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Term
| social comparison theory of group polarization |
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Definition
| individuals develop their view of social reality based on others. they typically note which direction the group is leaning and then act even more extreme to get approval |
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Term
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Definition
| A group decision making style characterized by an excessive tendency among group members to seek concurrence |
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Term
| factors which contribute to groupthink ( 3) |
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Definition
| 1. highly cohesive groups are more likely to reject deviant behavior and thus are subject to groupthink 2. group structure. groups of people of similar backgrounds, isolated from others, with a strong leader and no procedure for reviewing decisions are subject to groupthink 2. stressful situation can provoke groupthink. urgency overrules accuracy in these situations as members seek approval |
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Term
| how to prevent groupthink |
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Definition
1. outside consultation
2. leaders should encourage criticism and be lax in group decisions
3. subgroups should discuss current issue with one member being devil's advocate in each group
4. a reminder individual is useful for reminding people of the dangers of biased thought and making each member feel responsible for the group's final decision. |
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Term
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Definition
| • The condition in which commitments to a failing course of action are increased to justify investments already made |
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Term
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Definition
| • Biased sampling- the tendency for grousp to spend moretime discussing shared information than unshared information ( info known by only a few members) |
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Term
| settings under which biased sampling is hindered |
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Definition
1. leader encouragement of group participation
2. leader establishes trust
3. leaders are helpful in shaping each members understanding of their task |
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Term
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Definition
a shared system for remembering information that enable multiple people to remember information together more efficiently than they could do so alone
key elements
1. division of knowledge
2. trust in each other's specialized knowledge
3. coordination of efforts |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized interactive computer programs that are used to guide group meeting collaborative work and decision making processes |
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