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| separates living cell from its nonliving surroundings; selectively permeable; thin barrier 8 cm thick controls traffic into and out of cell. |
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| lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates |
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*look up diagram
proteins embedded in double layer of phospholipids |
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| 1925 Garter & Grendel reasoned that cell membranes must be a phospholipid bilayer, 2 molecules thick. |
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| 2 layers of phospholipids; hydrophobic tails pointing inwards while polar head is projecting outward. |
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| phospholipid bilyaer between 2 layers of globular proteins. |
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| Singer & Nicholson; hydrophilic regions of proteins and p.lipids are in max. contact w/ water and the hydrophobic regions are in non-aqueous envrmnt. |
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| held in place by relatively weak hydrophobic interactions |
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| collage of different proteins embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer. |
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| not embedded in the lipid bilayer at all. |
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| Penetrate the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer, often completely spanning the membrane. |
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| transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, intercellular joining, cell-cell recognition, attachment to cytoskeleton & extracellular matrix |
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| ability of cells to distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another; basis for rejections of foreign cells by immune system. |
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| How do Cells Recognize Other Cells? |
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| keying on surface molecules, often carbohydrates, on the plasma membrane |
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| usually branched ogliosaccharides with fewer that 15 sugar units; may form glycolipids or glycoproteins |
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| differ in the external carbohydrates on red blood cells |
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| on the external side of the p. membrane vary from species to species, individual to individual, even from cell type to cell type within the same individual |
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| A steady traffic of small molecules and ions move across the plasma membrane in both directions |
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| Sugars, amino acids, and other nutrients... |
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| ...enter a muscle cell and metabolic waste products leave. |
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| absorbs oxygen and expels CO2 |
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| regulates concentrations of inorganic acids |
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| Specific ions and polar molecules on can cross the lipid bilayer by passing through transport proteins that span the membrane |
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| Some transport proteins have... |
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| ...hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions can use as a tunnel through the membrane. |
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| diffusion across a membrane |
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| driven by the intrinsic kinetic energy (thermal motion of heat) of molecules; random movements. |
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| decreases free energy and increases entropy (randomness) by creating a randomized mixture |
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| passive transport (no energy required) of water; diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
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| Differences in the Relative concentration of dissolved materials in 2 solutions can... |
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| lead to the movement of ions from one to the other |
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| Solution w/ Higher Concentration of Solutes |
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| Solution w/ Lower Concentration of Solutes |
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| Solutions w/ Equal concentration of solutes |
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| movement of water out of the cell is exactly balanced by movement of water into the cell |
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| he total molar concentration of all dissolved solute particles is less than that of another solution or less than that of a cell. |
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| total molar concentration of all dissolved solute particles is greater than that of another solution, or greater than the concentration in a cell. |
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| will move from the hypotonic solution where are abundant to the hypertonic solution where they are rarer |
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| depends on balancing water uptake and loss |
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| animal cell immersed in an isotonic envrmt |
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| experiences no net movement of water across its p. membrane |
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| cell in hypertonic envrmt |
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| lose water, shrivel, and probably die |
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| plants, prokaryotes (lack nucleus), fungi, some protists |
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| water channel proteins; facilitate massive amount of diffusion |
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| open or close depending on presence or absence of a physical or chemical stimulus |
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| usually different from the transported molecule |
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| pumping of solutes against gradients |
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| carrier assisted transport |
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| some integral proteins act as carriers ferrying back and forth any molecules that can't readily diffuse due to size or polarity |
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| transport vesicle budded from the Golgi apparatus is moved by the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane |
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| reversal of exocytosis; cell bringing in macromolecules by forming vesicles |
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| cellular eating; cell engulfs particle by extending psuedopadia around it and packaging it in large vacuole |
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| cellular drinking; cell creates vesicle around drop of extracellular fluid |
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| mediated endocytosis is very specific in what substances are being transported; triggered wen extrac. substances bind to special receptors, lighons |
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| The measure of the relative tendency of water to move from one area to another, Water potential is caused by osmosis, gravity, mechanical pressure, or matrix effects including surface tension. It is useful in understanding water movements within plants, animals, and soil. |
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| cellular drinking; cell creates vesicle around drop of extracellular fluid |
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| mediated endocytosis is very specific in what substances are being transported; triggered wen extrac. substances bind to special receptors, lighons |
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Definition
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| The measure of the relative tendency of water to move from one area to another, Water potential is caused by osmosis, gravity, mechanical pressure, or matrix effects including surface tension. It is useful in understanding water movements within plants, animals, and soil. |
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