refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge

thinking

speech

arbitrary association

naming/sematics

generativeness

expressive power

structure or syntax

spoken sounds and written words to represent objects, actions, events, and ideas

allow to discuss events from different times

variety

meaningful

arbitrary association: look of word and representative concept (humming bird) the spelling of humming bird does not look like an actual humming bird

limited number of symbols can be combined in an infinite variety of ways to generate an endless array of messages

combination of limited symbols=unlimited combinations

although people can make infinite variety of sentances, there are a limited number of ways to structure

hierarchy structure of languege

degree or mood, size or extreme (loud, din)

dictionary meaning

implied meaning how it is said

smallest speech units in a language that can be distinguished perceptually

basic sounds- humans have about 100

languages use between 20 and 80 of these

english language has about 40

letters can have multiple phoneme

smallest units of meaning in a language

50,000 english morphemes

(includes roots, prefixes, and suffixes)

un-friend-ly

area of language concerned with understanding the meaning of word combinations

need to learn dictionary definition and connotative which includes emotional and secondary implications

system of rules that specify how words can be arranged into sentances

i.e. need both a verb and noun in a sentance

occurs when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to

ball ends up being all round objects

all four legged animals called dog

occurs when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe to a narrower set of objects or actions than it is meant to

use the word rock to refer to only one specific rock

uses doll to refer to only one doll

consits of mainly content words, articles, prepositions, and other less critical words are omitted

give doll instead of please give me the doll

occur when grammatical rules are incorrectly generalized to irregular cases where they do not apply

the girl goed home

i hitted the ball

ability to reflect on the use of language

puns and jokes

Skinner- children learn languege like everything else by imitation, reinforcement, and conditioning

by controlling reinforcement, parents have influence to encourage their children to learn languege correctly

Noam Chomsky

infinite sentances in languege-unreasonable to learn by imitation

parents respond more to factual information than grammatical

nature

problems of inducing structure--find relation among numbers, words, symbols, or ideas

problems of arrangement--arrange parts of a problem in a way that satisfies some criterion

problems of transformation require people to carry out a sequence of transformations in order to reach a specific goal

irrelevant info

funtional fixedness

mental set

unnecessary constraints

stuff ya dont need to solve the problem that leads you astray

wrong to assume that all numerical info is needed

15% of people in Topeka have unlisted phone numbers. You select 200 people at random from the phone book. How many of these people can be expected to be unlisted.

none

tendency to percieve an item only in terms of its most common use

scissors with the string on ceiling

younger children are more creative

exists when people persist in using problem solving strategies that have worked in the past

look past simpler solutions instead to try more complex ways that have worked in the past

stuck in a rut

methodical, step by step procedure for trying all possible alternatives in searcing for a solution to a problem

solve the anagram IHCRA-write out all possible combinations until you discovered CHAIR

guiding principle or "rule of thumb" used in solving problems or making decisions

 forming subgoals

working background

searching for analogies

changing the representation of the problem

take the end result and just work backwords

word problems--pond problem

need to recognize similarity

A teacher had 23 pupils in his class. All but 7 of them went on a musuem trip and thus were away for the day. How many students remained in class that day?

7

verbally, mathematically, spatially

use a list, a table, an equation, a graph, a matrix of facts or numbers, a hierarchical tree diagram, or a sequential flowchart

refers to individuals' tendency to rely primarily on external versus internal frames of refernce when orienting themselves in space

Easterners see wholes--Westerners see parts

rely on external frames of reference and tend to accept the physical environment as a given instead of trying to analyze or restructure it

focus on whole

look at whole problem

agricultural

 Holistic cognitive style--Easterner

rely on internal frames of reference and tend to analyze and try to restructure the physical environment rather than accept it as it is

focus on specific parts or components

autonomy

hunter gathering society

Analytic cognitive style-- Westerner

list the attributes that influence his decision

then rate their desirability of each choice on each attribute

also add weight to certain attributes

involves basing the estimated probabilitu of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind

thinking of how common divorce is by thinking of how many divorces you can recall

involves basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event

which is more likely when flipping a coin:

T T T T T T

or

H T T H T H

Many people think the second is more likely. While

in reality both are equally likely

Steve is shy, withdrawn, little interest in people, needs things in order

salesperson or librarian?

while you may guess librarian because of he resembles a librarian.

This is not a wise guess because it ignores the statistics.

salespeople outnumber librarians 75 to 1 in the US

people think stats apply to them---smokers, car accidents etc

occurs when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone

subcategories cannot have higher statistics than the broader category

occurs when people's belief about whether an outcome will occur changes depending on how alternative outcomes are distributed, even though the summed probability of the alternative outcomes is held constant

chances of hurricane hitting s. carolina 70%

chance of hurricane hitting sunbury 27%

people mistake that s carolina will have a higher chance of being hit by the hurricane when sunbury is has less area than all of s. carolina

not enough time or resources to gather all the information

quick judgement