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| The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane. (Passive transport)Water moves from a region of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
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| the concentration of the solute outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell. |
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| concentration of solute outside the cell is lower than inside the cell. |
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| concentration of solutes outside and inside are equal. |
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| the movement of substances across the plasma membrane w/o any input energy from the cell. |
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| Some molecules cannot cross the membrane so they are carried across by carrier proteins |
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| the movement of particles from areas w/ low concentration to areas w/ high concentration. Requires energy. |
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| large molecules are packaged in membrane bound sacs called vesicles and moved across the membrane. |
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| plasma membrane folds into a pouch that encloses the particles. |
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| fluids outside the cell are brought into the cytoplasm (cell drinking) |
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| the cell engulfs a food particle or other cells.(cell eating) |
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| waste and cell products leave the cell. |
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| rod shaped structures made of DNA and proteins.(formed from chromatin) |
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When preparing for cell division, chromosomes make copies of themselves.
Each half is called this... |
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| holds the two chromatids (sister chromatids) together until they separate during division. |
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the phases of growth and division of a cell.A. Three Phases:
1.Interphase
2.Mitosis
3.Cytokinesis |
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part of the cell cycle between divisions.
1.longest phase – “resting phase”
2.Consists of 3 phases:g1, s, g2 |
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| normal metabolic cellular activities, number of organelles begins to increase. |
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| genetic material is duplicated. The chromosomes of the cell replicate. |
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| The cell makes the materials needed for cell division. Cell is preparing to divide. |
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| the process by which one cell produces 2 new identical daughter cells. |
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| series of phases in cell division in which the nucleus divides into two nuclei w/ identical genetic information. |
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| The cytoplasm of the cell divides into two new cells called daughter cells. |
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the division of the nucleus
Four Phases:prophase, metaphase, anaphase,telophase |
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1st phase
a.Chromatin coil into chromosomes(2 sister chromatids joined by a centromere).
b.The nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear. |
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Centrioles–small cylindrical structures form and move to the poles of the cell.
**plants lack centrioles |
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thin,football shaped fibers form between the centrioles.
1)Play an important role in the separation of sister chromatids. |
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2nd Phase
Chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers and line up on the equator of the spindle. |
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3rd Phase
a.Sister chromatids separate.
b.The centromeres split apart.
c.Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell. |
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4th Phase
a.Chromosomes return to the chromatin state.
b.A nuclear envelope begins to form around the chromosomes at each end of the cell. |
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completes cell division
A.The Cytoplasm of a cell and its organelles separates into two daughter cells. Different in plant and animal cells |
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| the plasma membrane pinches in along the equator forming 2 new cells. |
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a cell plate is formed rather than pinching off.
a.The plasma membrane forms around each cell, and new walls form on each side of the cell plant until separation is complete. |
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uncontrolled cell division
1.Caused by environmental factors or changes in enzyme production. |
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| a segment of DNA that controls the production of a protein. |
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| Cancerous cells form masses of tissue called this... |
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Healthy lifestyle: diet and exercise
Vitamins and minerals such as A,C,E, and Ca. |
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*Can eventually affect different parts of the body such as lungs, bones, skin.
*2nd leading cause of death in the U.S. |
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