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| A technique used to control the impact of extraneous variables by distributing their effects equally across treatment conditions. |
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| A control procedure used to avoid confounding; keeping all aspects of the treatment conditions identical except for the independent variable that is being manipulated. |
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| Extraneous variable stemming from procedures created by the environment, or context, of the research setting. |
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| A plausible but false explanation of the procedures in an experiment told to disguise the actual research hypothesis so that subjects will not guess what it is. |
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| The aspects of the experimental situation itself that demand or elicit particular behaviors; can lead to distorted data by compelling subjects to produce responses that conform to what subjects believe is expected of them in the experiment. |
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| An experiment in which neither the experimenter nor the subjects know which treatment condition the subjects are in; used to control experimenter bias. |
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| A technique to control extraneous variables by removing them from the experiment. |
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| Any behavior of the experimenter that can create confounding in an experiment. |
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| The personal characteristics that an experimenter or volunteer subject brings to the experimental setting. |
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| Aspects of the testing conditions that need to be controlled. |
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| The result of giving subjects a pill, injection, or other treatment that actually contains none of the independent variable; the treatment elicits a change in subjects' behavior simply because subjects expect an effect to occur. |
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| The phenomenon of experimenters treating subjects differently depending on what they expect from the subjects; also called the Pygmalion effect. |
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| An experiment in which subjects are not told which of the treatment conditions they are in; a procedure used to control demand characteristics. |
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| The qualities of the relationships between subjects and experimenters that can influence the results of an experiment. |
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