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| site where two or more bones meet |
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Give skeleton mobility
Hold skeleton together |
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Structural classification relies on the anatomical organization of the joint
Functional classification is based on range of motion of the joint |
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Definition
*immovable
Are very strong; no movement
Fibrous or cartilaginous connections
Edges of bones may touch or interlock |
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*slightly movable
More movable than synarthrosis
Stronger than freely movable joint
Fibrous or cartilaginous connections |
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| Four types of synarthrotic joints |
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Definition
Suture
Synostosis
Gomphosis
Synchondrosis |
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Term
| Two types of amphiarthroses |
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Definition
syndesmosis: bones connected by ligaments
symphysis: bones separated by fibrous cartilage |
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Definition
At ends of long bones
Within articular capsules lined with synovial membrane
Widest range of motion vs. other joints |
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Term
| Distinguishing Features of Synovial Joints (6) |
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Definition
1. Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage
2. Articular (joint) capsule:
Outer fibrous capsule of dense irregular connective tissue
Inner synovial membrane of loose connective tissue
3. Joint (synovial) cavity: small potential space
4. Synovial fluid:
Viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma + hyaluronic acid
Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
5. Three possible types of reinforcing ligaments:
Capsular (intrinsic)—part of the fibrous capsule
Extracapsular—outside the capsule
Intracapsular—deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane
6. Rich nerve and blood vessel supply:
Nerve fibers detect pain, monitor joint position and stretch
Capillary beds produce filtrate for synovial fluid |
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Term
Bursae
*friction reducing structures of synovial |
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Definition
Flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes
Contain synovial fluid
Commonly act as “ball bearings” where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together |
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Term
Tendon Sheath
*friction reducing structures of synovial; can limit motion |
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Definition
| Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon |
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Term
| Stabilizing Factors of Synovial Joints |
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Definition
1. Shapes of articular surfaces (minor role)
2. Ligament number and location (limited role)
3. Muscle tone, which keeps tendons that cross the joint taut *extremely important in reinforcing shoulder and knee joints and arches of the foot |
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Term
| Muscle attachments across a joint: origin vs. insertion |
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Definition
Origin—attachment to the immovable bone
Insertion—attachment to the movable bone
*Muscle contraction causes the insertion to move toward the origin
*occur along transverse, frontal, or sagittal |
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| movement in or around all three planes |
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| Movements at synovial joints |
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Definition
1. Gliding
2. Angular movements:
-Flexion, extension, hyperextension
-Abduction, adduction
-Circumduction
3. Rotation
Medial and lateral rotation |
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Term
| Special movements at synovial joints |
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Definition
Special movements
Supination, pronation
Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion of the foot
Inversion, eversion
Protraction, retraction
Elevation, depression
Opposition |
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Definition
nonaxial
-intercarpal joint |
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Definition
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Definition
uniaxial
-proximal radioulnar joint |
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Definition
biaxial
-metacarpophalangeal joint |
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Definition
biaxial
-carpometacarpal joint of thumb |
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Definition
multiaxial
-shoulder joint |
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Term
| Meniscus (articular disk) |
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Definition
fibrocartilage pad between opposing bones, separates articular spaces
Fat pads: protect articular cartilages |
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Definition
| protect articular cartilages |
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Term
decreased motion
more ligaments |
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Definition
=increased stability
= more stable |
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Term
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Definition
-Largest, most complex joint of body
-At least 12 associated bursae
-Capsule is reinforced by muscle tendons
-Joint capsule is thin and absent anteriorly
-dislocation is rare for the knee joint |
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Term
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Definition
Three joints surrounded by a single joint cavity:
1. Femoropatellar joint: plane joint
Allows gliding motion during knee flexion
2. Lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints between the femoral condyles and the C-shaped lateral and medial menisci (semilunar cartilages) of the tibia
*Allow flexion, extension, and some rotation when knee is partly flexed |
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Definition
-Help prevent hyperextension
-Prevent anterior-posterior displacement |
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Term
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Definition
| -anterior cruciate ligament |
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Term
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Definition
- collateral ligament
- cruciate ligaments
- cartilages (menisci) |
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Term
Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint
*least stable |
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Definition
Ball-and-socket joint: head of humerus and glenoid fossa of the scapula
Stability is sacrificed for greater freedom of movement |
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Term
| Reinforcing ligaments of shoulder joint |
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Definition
Coracohumeral ligament—helps support the weight of the upper limb
Three glenohumeral ligaments—somewhat weak anterior reinforcements |
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Term
| Reinforcing tendons of the shoulder joint |
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Definition
Reinforcing muscle tendons:
1. Tendon of the long head of biceps:
Travels through the intertubercular groove
Secures the humerus to the glenoid cavity
2. Four rotator cuff tendons encircle the shoulder joint:
Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor |
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Definition
Radius and ulna articulate with the humerus
Hinge joint formed mainly by trochlear notch of ulna and trochlea of humerus
Flexion and extension only |
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Definition
1. Anular ligament—surrounds head of radius
2. Two capsular ligaments restrict side-to-side movement:
Ulnar collateral ligament
Radial collateral ligament |
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Term
Hip (Coxal) Joint
*most stable |
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Definition
Ball-and-socket joint
Head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum
Good range of motion, but limited by the deep socket
Acetabular labrum—enhances depth of socket
Hip dislocation rare
extremely stable joint |
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Term
| Reinforcing ligaments of the hip joint |
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Definition
Iliofemoral ligament
Pubofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
Ligamentum teres |
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Term
| Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) |
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Definition
Mandibular condyle articulates with the temporal bone
*most easily dislocated (yawning) |
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Definition
Hinge—depression and elevation of mandible
Gliding—e.g. side-to-side (lateral excursion) grinding of teeth |
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Definition
The ligaments are stretched or torn
Partial tears slowly repair themselves
Complete ruptures require prompt surgical repair |
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Definition
Due to compression and shear stress
Fragments may cause joint to lock or bind
Cartilage rarely repairs itself
Repaired with arthroscopic surgery |
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Term
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Definition
Occur when bones are forced out of alignment
Accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and joint immobilization
Caused by serious falls or playing sports |
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Term
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Definition
An inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction
-Treated with rest and ice and, if severe, anti-inflammatory drugs |
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Definition
| Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse |
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Term
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Definition
>100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints
Most widespread crippling disease in the U.S. |
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Definition
| pain, stiffness, and swelling of a joint |
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Definition
| caused by bacteria, treated with antibiotics |
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Term
| Chronic forms of Arthritis |
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Definition
| osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis |
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Term
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Definition
Common, irreversible, degenerative (“wear-and-tear”) arthritis; related to age
-More cartilage is destroyed than replaced in badly aligned or overworked joints
Exposed bone ends thicken, enlarge, form bone spurs, and restrict movement |
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Term
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Definition
| moderate activity, mild pain relievers, capsaicin creams, glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate |
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Term
| Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) |
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Definition
Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause
Usually arises between age 40 and 50, but may occur at any age; affects 3 times as many women as men |
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Term
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Definition
| joint pain and swelling (usually bilateral), anemia, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, and cardiovascular problems |
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Term
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Definition
RA begins with synovitis of the affected joint
Inflammatory blood cells migrate to the joint, release inflammatory chemicals
Inflamed synovial membrane thickens into a pannus
Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms, articulating bone ends connect (ankylosis) |
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Term
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Definition
Conservative therapy: aspirin, long-term use of antibiotics, and physical therapy
Progressive treatment: anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants
New biological response modifier drugs neutralize inflammatory chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by inflammation
More common in men
Typically affects the joint at the base of the great toe
In untreated gouty arthritis, the bone ends fuse and immobilize the joint |
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Definition
| drugs, plenty of water, avoidance of alcohol |
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Definition
Caused by bacteria transmitted by the bites of ticks
Symptoms: skin rash, flu-like symptoms, and foggy thinking
May lead to joint pain and arthritis
Treatment: antibiotics |
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| Developmental aspects of joints |
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Definition
By embryonic week 8, synovial joints resemble adult joints
A joint’s size, shape, and flexibility are modified by use
Advancing years take their toll on joints:
Ligaments and tendons shorten and weaken
Intervertebral discs become more likely to herniate
Most people in their 70s have some degree of OA
Exercise that coaxes joints through their full range of motion is key to postponing joint problems |
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