Term
| Upper and lower limbs ____ in function – share the ___ structural plan |
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Definition
| Upper and lower limbs differ in function – share the same structural plan |
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Term
The Pectoral Girdle
Consists of the ____ and the _____ |
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Definition
The Pectoral Girdle
Consists of the clavicle and the scapula |
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Term
Pectoral girdles ____ the body completely
Medial end of each clavicle articulates with the ____ and ____
Laterally – the ends of the ____ join the scapulae |
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Definition
Pectoral girdles do not quite encircle the body completely
Medial end of each clavicle articulates with the manubrium and first rib
Laterally – the ends of the clavicles join the scapulae |
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Term
| The Pectoral Girdle provides attachment for many _____ that move the upper limb |
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Definition
| The Pectoral Girdle provides attachment for many muscles that move the upper limb |
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Term
Socket of the shoulder joint (____ cavity) is shallow
Good for ____ – bad for _____ |
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Definition
Socket of the shoulder joint (glenoid cavity) is shallow
Good for flexibility – bad for stability |
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Term
| _____ end of clavicle articulates with scapula |
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Definition
| Acromial end of clavicle articulates with scapula |
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Term
Clavicles:
Provide _____
Hold _____ laterally
Transmit _____ to the axial skeleton |
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Definition
Clavicles
Provide attachment for muscles
Hold the scapulae and arms laterally
Transmit compression forces from the upper limbs to the axial skeleton |
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Term
Scapulae:
Lie on the ___ surface of the rib cage
Located between ribs ___
Have three borders: _____
Have three angles:_____ |
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Definition
Scapulae
Lie on the dorsal surface of the rib cage
Located between ribs 2-7
Have three borders
Superior, medial (vertebral), and lateral (axillary)
Have three angles
Lateral, superior, and inferior |
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Term
The Upper Limb
__ bones form each upper limb
Grouped into bones of the: |
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Definition
The Upper Limb
30 bones form each upper limb
Grouped into bones of the:
Arm
Forearm
Hand |
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Term
Arm
Region of the upper limb between the ___ and ___
Humerus – the only bone of the arm
___ and ____ bone of the upper limb
Articulates with the ____ at the shoulder
Articulates with the ___ and ___ at the elbow |
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Definition
Arm
Region of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow
Humerus – the only bone of the arm
Longest and strongest bone of the upper limb
Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder
Articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow |
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Term
Forearm:
Formed from the ___ and ___
Proximal ends articulate with the ____
Distal ends articulate with ____ |
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Definition
Forearm
Formed from the radius and ulna
Proximal ends articulate with the humerus
Distal ends articulate with carpals |
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Term
Radius and ulna articulate with each other:
At the proximal and distal _____ joints
Interconnected by a ligament – the ____ membrane
In anatomical position, the radius is ___ and the ulna is ____ |
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Definition
Radius and ulna articulate with each other
At the proximal and distal radioulnar joints
Interconnected by a ligament – the interosseous membrane
In anatomical position, the radius is lateral and the ulna is medial |
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Term
Ulna:
Main bone responsible for forming the ___ joint with the humerus
___ joint allows forearm to bend on arm
Distal end is separated from ____ by ___
Plays little to no role in ______ |
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Definition
Ulna
Main bone responsible for forming the elbow joint with the humerus
Hinge joint allows forearm to bend on arm
Distal end is separated from carpals by fibrocartilage
Plays little to no role in hand movement |
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Term
Radius
Superior surface of the head of the radius articulates with the ____ (humerus)
Medially – the head of the radius articulates with the ____ of the ulna |
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Definition
Radius
Superior surface of the head of the radius articulates with the capitulum (humerus)
Medially – the head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna |
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Term
Radius:
Contributes heavily to the ___ joint
Distal radius articulates with ___ bones
When radius moves, the ___ moves with it |
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Definition
Radius:
Contributes heavily to the wrist joint
Distal radius articulates with carpal bones
When radius moves, the hand moves with it |
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Term
Distal Ends of the Radius and Ulna
Hand
Includes the following bones: |
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Definition
Distal Ends of the Radius and Ulna
Hand
Includes the following bones
Carpus – wrist
Metacarpals – palm
Phalanges – fingers |
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Term
Carpus
Forms the true wrist – the proximal region of the hand
____ movements occur between carpals
Composed of ___ marble-sized bones
Carpal bones – arranged in two irregular rows |
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Definition
Carpus
Forms the true wrist – the proximal region of the hand
Gliding movements occur between carpals
Composed of eight marble-sized bones
Carpal bones – arranged in two irregular rows |
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Term
Metacarpus
__#__ metacarpals radiate distally from the wrist
Metacarpals form the ___
Numbered 1–5, beginning with the ___
Articulate proximally with the distal row of ____
Articulate distally with the proximal ___ |
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Definition
Metacarpus
Five metacarpals radiate distally from the wrist
Metacarpals form the palm
Numbered 1–5, beginning with the pollex (thumb)
Articulate proximally with the distal row of carpals
Articulate distally with the proximal phalanges |
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Term
Phalanges
Numbered 1–5, beginning with the ___
Except for the thumb, each finger has three _____: ____,____,____. |
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Definition
Phalanges
Numbered 1–5, beginning with the pollex (thumb)
Except for the thumb, each finger has three phalanges
Proximal, middle, and distal |
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Term
Pelvic Girdle
Attaches lower limbs to the ___
Supports ____ organs
Attaches to the axial skeleton by _____ |
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Definition
Pelvic Girdle
Attaches lower limbs to the spine
Supports visceral organs
Attaches to the axial skeleton by strong ligaments |
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Term
______ is a deep cup that holds the head of the femur
Lower limbs have ___ freedom of movement
Are ___ stable than the arm |
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Definition
Acetabulum is a deep cup that holds the head of the femur
Lower limbs have less freedom of movement
Are more stable than the arm |
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Term
Pelvic Girdle
Consists of paired hip bones (___ bones)
Hip bones articulate anteriorly with ___
Articulates posteriorly with the ____ |
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Definition
Pelvic Girdle
Consists of paired hip bones (coxal bones)
Hip bones unite anteriorly with each other
Articulates posteriorly with the sacrum |
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Term
Bony Pelvis
A deep, basin-like structure
Formed by ___,___,___ |
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Definition
Bony Pelvis
A deep, basin-like structure
Formed by coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx |
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Term
Coxal Bones
Consist of three separate bones in childhood
___,____,____,
Bones fuse – retain separate names to regions of the coxal bones. _____ – deep hemispherical socket on lateral pelvic surface |
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Definition
Coxal Bones
Consist of three separate bones in childhood
Ilium, ischium, and pubis
Bones fuse – retain separate names to regions of the coxal bones
Acetabulum – deep hemispherical socket on lateral pelvic surface |
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Term
Ilium
Large, flaring bone
Forms the ___ region of the coxal bone
Site of attachment for many muscles
Articulation with the ___ forms ____ joint |
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Definition
Ilium
Large, flaring bone
Forms the superior region of the coxal bone
Site of attachment for many muscles
Articulation with the sacrum forms sacroiliac joint |
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Term
Ischium
Forms ______ region of the coxal bone
Anteriorly – joins the ____
_____ – the strongest part of the hip bone |
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Definition
Ischium
Forms posteroinferior region of the coxal bone
Anteriorly – joins the pubis
Ischial tuberosities – the strongest part of the hip bone |
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Term
Pubis
*Forms the ____ region of the coxal bone
*Lies _____ in anatomical position
*Pubic symphysis:
The two pubic bones are joined by ____ at the _____ |
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Definition
Pubis
Forms the anterior region of the coxal bone
Lies horizontally in anatomical position
Pubic symphysis
The two pubic bones are joined by fibrocartilage at the midline |
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Term
True and False Pelves
Bony pelvis is divided into two regions
True:____
False:____ |
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Definition
True and False Pelves
Bony pelvis is divided into two regions
True: Forms a bowl containing the pelvic organs
False: Pelvic brim |
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Term
Major differences between male and female pelves:
Female pelvis is adapted for ____
Pelvis is lighter, wider, and shallower than in the male
Provides more room in the __
Female pelvic arch is __ degrees
Male pelvic arch is ___ degrees |
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Definition
Major differences between male and female pelves:
Female pelvis is adapted for childbearing
Pelvis is lighter, wider, and shallower than in the male
Provides more room in the true pelvis
Female pelvic arch is 80-90 degrees
Male pelvic arch is 50-60 degrees |
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Term
The Lower Limb
Carries the ___ weight of the erect body
Bones of lower limb are ___ and ___ than those of upper limb
Divided into three segments
___,____,____ |
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Definition
The Lower Limb
Carries the entire weight of the erect body
Bones of lower limb are thicker and stronger than those of upper limb
Divided into three segments
Thigh, leg, and foot |
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Term
Thigh
The region of the lower limb between the ___ and the ___
___ – the single bone of the thigh
Longest and strongest bone of the ___
Ball-shaped head articulates with the ___ |
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Definition
Thigh
The region of the lower limb between the hip and the knee
Femur – the single bone of the thigh
Longest and strongest bone of the body
Ball-shaped head articulates with the acetabulum |
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Term
Patella
Triangular ____ bone
Imbedded in the tendon that secures the ____ muscles
Protects the ____ anteriorly
Improves leverage of the thigh muscles across the ___ |
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Definition
Patella
Triangular sesamoid bone
Imbedded in the tendon that secures the quadriceps muscles
Protects the knee anteriorly
Improves leverage of the thigh muscles across the knee |
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Term
Leg
Refers to the region of the ___ limb between the __ and the ___
Composed of the ___ and ___ |
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Definition
Leg
Refers to the region of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle
Composed of the tibia and fibula |
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Term
Tibia – more ____ – ____ bone of the leg
Receives weight of the body from the femur
Fibula – ____-like – ____ bone of the leg
______ membrane – connects the tibia and fibula |
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Definition
Tibia – more massive – medial bone of the leg
Receives weight of the body from the femur
Fibula – stick-like – lateral bone of the leg
Interosseous membrane – connects the tibia and fibula |
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Term
Tibia articulates with__ at superior end
Forms the ___ joint
Tibia articulates with ___ at the inferior end and
Forms the ___ joint
Fibula does not contribute to the ___ joint
Stabilizes the ankle joint |
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Definition
Tibia articulates with femur at superior end
Forms the knee joint
Tibia articulates with talus at the inferior end
Forms the ankle joint
Fibula does not contribute to the knee joint
Stabilizes the ankle joint |
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Term
Foot is composed of:
___,___,___
Important functions
(2)
____ makes foot pliable and adapted to uneven ground |
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Definition
Foot is composed of:
Tarsus, metatarsus, and the phalanges
Important functions
Supports body weight
Acts as a lever to propel body forward when walking
Segmentation makes foot pliable and adapted to uneven ground |
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Term
Tarsus
Makes up the _____ half of the foot
Contains ___ bones called tarsals
Body weight is primarily borne by the ___ and ____ |
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Definition
Tarsus
Makes up the posterior half of the foot
Contains seven bones called tarsals
Body weight is primarily borne by the talus and calcaneus |
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Term
Metatarsus
Consists of five ___ bones called metatarsals
Numbered 1–5 beginning with the ___
___ metatarsal supports body weight |
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Definition
Metatarsus
Consists of five small long bones called metatarsals
Numbered 1–5 beginning with the hallux
(great toe)
First metatarsal supports body weight |
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Term
Phalanges of the Toes
__ phalanges of the toes
__ and less __ than those of the fingers
Structure and arrangement are similar to phalanges of fingers
Except for the ___, each toe has three phalanges
__,__,__ |
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Definition
Phalanges of the Toes
14 phalanges of the toes
Smaller and less nimble than those of the fingers
Structure and arrangement are similar to phalanges of fingers
Except for the great toe, each toe has three phalanges
Proximal, middle, and distal |
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Term
Foot has three important arches
*___ and _____ arch
*____ arch
Arches are maintained by:
_____ shapes of tarsals,
____ and ____ |
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Definition
Foot has three important arches
Medial and lateral longitudinal arch
Transverse arch
Arches are maintained by:
Interlocking shapes of tarsals
Ligaments and tendons |
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Term
Upper-lower body ratio changes with age
At birth head and trunk are ___ times as long as lower limbs
Lower limbs grow ___ than the trunk
Upper-lower body ratio of 1 to 1 by about age __ |
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Definition
Upper-lower body ratio changes with age
At birth head and trunk are 1.5 times as long as lower limbs
Lower limbs grow faster than the trunk
Upper-lower body ratio of 1 to 1 by about age 10 |
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