Term
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Definition
| A structure in the nucleoid or cell nucleus that carriers hereditary information in the form of genes; thread-like fibers associated with some protein and is located in the cytosol within the nuceloid |
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Term
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Definition
| The chromosomal region of a bacterial and archaeal cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Having a single set of genetic information spread across multiple chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which a chromosome is twisted and packed |
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Term
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Definition
| A loop of wound DNA consisting of 10,000 bases |
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Term
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Definition
| The term used to describe organization and packing of the prokaryotic chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| A small, closed loop molecule of DNA apart from the chromosome that replicates independently and carriers nonessential genetic information; stable extrachromosomal DNA elements that do not carry genetic information essential for normal structure, growth, and metabolism; easily transferred between cells and replicate and exist in the cytosol |
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Term
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Definition
| A DNA plasmid in the cytoplasm of an F+ bacterial cell that may be transferred to a recipient bacterial cell during conjugation; transfer genetic material from donor to recipient through a recombination process |
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Term
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Definition
| A small, circular DNA molecule that occurs frequently in bacterial cells and carriers genes for drug resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| One of a group of bacterial proteins toxic to other bacterial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of copying the genetic material in a cell; occurs within such precision that the two daughter cells from binary fission are genetically identical to the parent cell |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) The unwinding and separating of DNA strands during replication 2) the beginning of translation |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) The addition of complementary nucleotides to a parental DNA strand 2) The addition of addition of amino acids onto the forming polypeptide during translation |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) The completion of DNA synthesis during DNA replication 2) The release of a polypeptide from a ribosome during translation |
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Term
| Semiconservative Replication |
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Definition
| The DNA copying process where each parent (old) strand serves as a template for new complementary strand; Each old strand of replicated DNA is conserved in each new chromosome and one strand is newly synthesized |
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Term
| Replication Origin (OriC) |
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Definition
| The fixed point on a DNA molecule where copying of the molecule starts |
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Term
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Definition
| The complementary pairing of A-T and G-C on the two opposite polynucleotide strands |
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Term
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Definition
| The location in a cell where DNA synthesis occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| the helix shape of the DNA that unwind and unzip the two polynucleotide strands |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that keeps the DNA template strands separated during DNA replication |
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Term
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Definition
| The point where complementary strands of DNA separate and new complementary stands are synthesized |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesis of DNA in each factory then occurs on each old strand, which represents a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand |
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Term
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Definition
An enzyme that catalyzes DNA replication by combining complementary nucleotides to an existing strand
→ detect any mismatched nucleotides, remove the incorrect nucleotide in the pair and add the correct nucleotide |
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Term
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Definition
| Permanent alterations in DNA base sequences |
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Term
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Definition
| Two replication forks meet 180O from oriC at the terminus region where there are additional terminator proteins that block further replication causing the replication factories to dissociate |
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Term
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Definition
| Then the two intertwined DNA molecules (chromosomes) are separated by other enzymes, guaranteeing that each daughter cell will inherit one complete chromosome after binary fission |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA polymerase only reads the template DNA in this direction |
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Term
| two parental (template) strands |
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Definition
| these two things are antiparallel, meaning that at each replication fork the complementary DNA strand is formed into two different ways |
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Term
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Definition
| During DNA replication, the new strand that is synthesized continuously, here the DNA polymerase reads the template in the 3’-5’ direction, bring the triphosphate nucleotides (A,T,G,C) that hydrogen bond with their complement in the template strand |
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Term
| The high energy bonds in the triphosphate nucleotides in the leading strand |
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Definition
| The energy for the DNA polymerase to covalently bond nucleotides into continuous strands, forming nucleotides into a continuous strand, formining an elongating chain of nucleotides from 5'-3' |
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Term
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Definition
| in each fork of replication, what strand is read backwards? |
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Term
Lagging Strand Synthesis
Template strand are read backwards |
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Definition
| DNA polymerase moves away from the replication fork, a discontinuous process of starts and stops occuring with the new strand always behind the leading strand. Why is this? |
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Term
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Definition
| During DNA replication, the new strand that is synthesized discontinuously |
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Term
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Definition
| A segment of DNA resulting from discontinuous DNA replication |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that binds together DNA fragments |
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Term
| Initiation of the DNA Replication |
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Definition
| • Replication of the circular bacterial chromosome begins at a fixed region on the DNA called the oriC, where copies of initiation proteins bind to the oriC DNA sequences.The other proteins needed for replication will then add to this so called replication factory |
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Term
| Elongation of DNA Replication |
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Definition
| The replication factories are attached to the cell membrane and consist of a variety of enzymes needed to unwind, separate, and synthesize a complementary strand. Therefore, as replication continues, unreplicated (parental) DNA is pushed through a replication factory at a replication fork, synthesizing a complementary strand to the template strand forming the elongating DNA loops. Because the two parental DNA strands are antiparallel, replication involves leading and lagging strands synthesis at the replication fork in each replication factory |
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Term
| Termination of DNA Replication |
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Definition
| Replication comes to completion when the replication factories reach a terminus region opposite the oriC in the chromosome. At the terminus, proteins bind and the replication factories disperse. Each daughter chromosome consists of one old parental strand and one newly synthesized strand |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of forming a polypeptide or protein through a series of chemical reactions involving amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| The biochemical process in which RNA is synthesized according to a code supplied by the template strand of a gene in he DNA molecule; DNA → RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| The sequence of bases in the DNA or codons in the RNA that specify a specific polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
| The biochemical process in which the code on the mRNA molecule is converted into a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide RNA→ Protein Synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| The doctrine that DNA codes for RNA through transcription and RNA is converted to protein through translation DNA→ RNA → Protein Synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| The biochemical process in which RNA is synthesized according to a code supplied by the template strand of a gene in he DNA molecule; DNA → RNA; the process of expressing a number of these genes at a particular time so the gene DNA serves as a template for a new RNA molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| the enzyme that synthesizes an RNA polynucleotide from a DNA template; reads the DNA template strand in the 3’-5’ direction, but only one of the two DNA strands within a gene is transcribed; recognizes this template by sequence of bases called promotors |
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Term
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Definition
| The region of a template DNA strand or operon to which RNA polymerease binds and the unwinds the helix and separates the two strands within a gene ; where the initiation phase starts |
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Term
RNA polymerase
the elongation phase
guanine (G) to Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T) to Adenine (A)
for RNA
G-C
Uracil (U) to Adenine (A) |
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Definition
| As ____ moves along the DNA Template strand during ____ phase, complementary pairing brings RNA triphosphate nucleotides to the template strand. What are the complementary base pairing for DNA and RNA? |
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Term
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Definition
| specific base sequences on the DNA template strand that signal termination of transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| What are the 3 things required when the products of transcription go over to translation? |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA-directed RNA synthesis is a gene catalyzed by ___ and starts at a control sequence called ___ which is found on the template strand |
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Term
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Definition
| transcribes the template substituting uracil for thymine where adenine appears in the DNA template strand |
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Term
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Definition
| In Bacteria and Archaea, it stops at DNA sequences called ____, resulting as a single polynucleotide strand |
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Term
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Definition
| it carries the genetic information or “blue print” to manufacture a polypeptide, Each is transcribed from a different gene carries a different message, a different sequence of nucleotides coding for a different polypeptide, usually an encoded series of three base codes called codons |
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Term
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Definition
| A three base sequence of the mRNA molecule that specifies a particular amino acid insertion in a polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
| serves a structural role as the framework for the ribosomes, which are the sites at which amino acids assemble into proteins, they also serve a functional role in the translation process |
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Term
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Definition
| looks like a cloverleaf, one point presents a sequence of three nitrogenous bases which function as anticodons; structural role in delivering amino acids to the ribosome for assembly into proteins; each has a specific amino acid attached through an enzymatic reaction involving ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| the non-coding sequence in a split gene; have roles in gene regulation or in metabolic control through association with other RNAs or proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| the coding sequence in a split gene; have the “standard” information coding for a polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
| The sequence of bases in the DNA or codons in the RNA that specify a specific polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
| A nucleotide sequence that specifies an amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| referring to multiple codons coding for the same amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| The starting nuelotide sequence (AUG) in translation |
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Term
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Definition
| The nucleotide sequence that terminates translation (UGA, UAG, UAA) |
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Term
| Protein Synthesis (part 1) |
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Definition
| 1. Each gene of the DNA contains information to manufacture a specific form of RNA |
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Term
| Protein Synthesis (part 2) |
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Definition
2. The information can be transcribed into:
a. mRNAs which are produced from genes carrying the information as to what protein will be made during translation
b. rRNAs which form part of the structure of ribosomes and help in the translation of the mRNA
c. tRNAS each of which carries a specific amino acid needed for the translation process |
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Term
| Protein Synthesis (part 3) |
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Definition
| 3. With the tRNAs and mRNAs present in the cytosol, they can combine with ribosomes to manufacture specific cellular polypeptide [protein] |
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Term
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Definition
| the language of the genetic code (nucleotides) is translated into the language of proteins (amino acids); Three stages: Chain initiation, Elongation, and termination |
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Term
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Definition
| the presence of a formyl group (H-CO--) attached to methionine;In Bacteria it is the first amino acid, while in Archaea and Eukarya it is methionine (met) |
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Term
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Definition
| An RNA molecule capable of carrying out a chemical reaction; transfers fmet to the amino acid on the second tRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Begins with the association of a small ribosomal subunit with an initiator tRNA at the AUG start codon; then the large ribosomal subunit was added to form the functional ribosome with three tRNA binding sites called A, P, and E |
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Term
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Definition
| With the second tRNA attached, the first tRNA is released from the E site. Moving right one codon, the ribosome exposes the next codon (GCC) and the appropriate tRNA with the amino acid alanine (ala) attached; Again a ribozyme transfers the dipeptide fmet-Ser to alanine. The tRNA that carried serine excited the ribosome and the process of chain elongation continues as the ribosomes moves to expose the next codon |
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Term
| Chain Termination/Release |
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Definition
| process of adding tRNAs and transferring the elongating polypeptide to the entering amino acids/tRNA at the A site continues until the ribosome reaches a stop codon, there is no tRNA to recognize any of these stop codon but proteins called termination factors triggers the termination |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that triggers the release of a polypeptide from a ribosome and a disassembly of the ribosome subunits, which can be reassembled for translation of another mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein that ensures a polypeptide folds into the proper shape |
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Term
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Definition
| A cluster of ribosomes linked by a strand of mRNA and all translating the mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Starts with the translation components [small ribosomal subunit, initiator tRNA, and other protein factors] assemble on the start codon. The large ribosomal subunit then associates to form a functional ribosome with three binding sites: A, P, E. After the initiator tRNA binds to the P site, the next tRNA can bind to the A site. Ribozyme of the large subunit then transfers the amino acid from the first tRNA onto the tRNA in the A site |
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Term
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Definition
Once the functional ribosome has been formed, translation is a process of adding new amino acids, one at a time, to the forming polypeptide chain: the process involves:
- the addition of the appropriate tRNA to the A site
- the transfer of the amino acid chain from the amino acid in the P site
- the loss of a former tRNA from the E site. The ribosome then moves down one codon and the process repeats; the result is an elongating amino acid sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| Chain elongation continues until the A site covers a stop codon (UGA, UAG, or UAA) to which there is no corresponding tRNA |
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Term
1. The release of the polypeptide chain from the P site
2. The disassociation of the ribosome into subunits
3. The release of the empty tRNA and termination factor |
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Definition
| What 3 Things does the termination factor cause when binding to a site? |
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Term
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Definition
| interfere with transcription and protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to the RNA polymerase so that transcription cannot initiate |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit translation by binding to the bacterial 30S or 50S ribosomal subunit |
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Term
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Definition
| prevents chain initiation by binding to the 30S subunit |
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Term
| Chloramphenicol and erythromycin |
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Definition
| these 2 drugs inhibit chain elongation by binding to the 50S subunit |
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Term
Transcription
A way protein synthesis can be controlled |
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Definition
| _____ is the first step leading to protein manufacture in cells, to control what proteins and enzymes are present in bacterial and archaeal cells is to regulate the mechanisms that induce (“Turn on”) or repress (“turn off”) _____ of a gene or set of genes. What is This an example of? |
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Term
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Definition
| The unit of bacterial DNA consisting of a promoter, operator, and a set of structural genes |
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Term
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Definition
| A segment of DNA molecule that provides the biochemical information for a polypeptide; provides genetic codes for proteins often having metabolically related functions so bacterial and archaeal cells can co-regulated genes needed in the same functional or metabolic pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| A sequence of bases in the DNA to which a repressor protein can bind |
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Term
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Definition
| The region of a template DNA strand or operon to which RNA polymerase |
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Term
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Definition
| A DNA segment that codes for a repressor protein |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that when bound to the operator blocks transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to the operator, binding prevents the RNA polymerase from moving down the operon and thus cannot transcribe the structural genes |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of gene regulation where a repressor protein binds to an operator and blocks transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| When the repressor in some way is prevented from binding to the operator, the RNA polymerase has clear sailing and transcribes the structural genes, which then are translated into the final polypeptides |
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Term
RNA Polymerase
Bacillus subtilis |
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Definition
| concentrated within the nucleoid core in the central portion of the cell, so then it is assumed that most of the cell’s transcription occurs there. Name an example |
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Term
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Definition
| A permanent alteration of a DNA sequence; involves a disruption of the nitrogenous base sequence in the DNA molecule, |
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Term
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Definition
| from this the production of a miscoded mRNA, and ultimately the insertion of one or more incorrect amino acids into the polypeptide during translation can occurs. Because proteins govern numerous cellular activities, they can also be altered |
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Term
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Definition
| A mutation that arises from natural phenomena in the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| can be from everyday radiation penetrating the atmosphere or errors made and not corrected by DNA polymerase III during replication |
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Term
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Definition
| The common or native form of a gene or organism |
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Term
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Definition
| Should the mutant survives it may multiply and emerge as the predominant form |
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Term
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Definition
| The functioning of a species in relation to other species and its physical environment |
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Term
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Definition
| A change in the sequence of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule arising from mutagenic agent used under controlled laboratory conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical or physical agent that causes a mutation |
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Term
Ultra Violet Light
Physical Mutagens |
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Definition
| the energy induces agent thymine (or cytosine) bases in the DNA to covalently link together forming dimers (if these dimers occur in a protein-coding gene, the RNA polymerase cannot insert the correct bases (A-A) in mRNA molecules where the dimers are located). What is this an example of? |
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Term
Nitrous Acid
Chemical Mutagens |
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Definition
| it converts DNA’s adenine bases to hypoxanthine bases, which causes a base pairing with cytosine after replication, so later replications from the gene with cytosine mutation, the mRNA will contain guanine rather than adenine. What is this an example of? |
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Term
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Definition
| A nitrogenous base with a similar structure to a natural base but differing slightly in composition |
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Term
5-Bromouracil
Base Analogs |
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Definition
which bears close resemblance with thymine
What is this an example of? |
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Term
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Definition
| What are useful as antiviral agents in the treatments of disease caused by DNA viruses. Name an example of a virus it can treat? |
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Term
acyclovir
decreases the frequency and severity of fever blisters/cold sores
base analogs |
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Definition
| substitute for guanine during viral replication, and blocks viral replication, so new virus particles cannot be produced. What is this an effective treatment for? What is this an example of? |
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Term
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Definition
| the replacement of one base in a DNA strand with another base; affects just one point (base pair) in a gene, may be a change to or substitution of a different base pair or a deletion or addition of a base pair |
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Term
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Definition
if a point mutation causes a base-pair substitution, then the transcription of that gene will have one incorrect base in the mRNA sequence of codon
Normal Sentence: THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
Substitution: THE FAT CAR ATE THE RAT |
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Term
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Definition
| the base pair substitution does not result in any change in the codon |
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Term
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Definition
| This Base Pair Substitution leads to the insertion of the wrong amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| This base pair substitution generates a stop codon |
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Term
| Base Pair Deletion and Insertion |
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Definition
Point mutations can cause the loss or addition of a base in a gene, resulting in an inappropriate number of bases
Normal Sentence: THE FAT CAT ATE THE RATE
Deletion: THE F_TC ATA TET HER AT
Insertion: THE FAT ACA TAT ETH ERA T |
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Term
| Base Pair Deletion or Insertion of Point Mutations |
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Definition
| Ribosomes read one codon (three letters) at one time, generating potentially extensive mistakes in the amino acid sequence, so the loss or addition of a base shifts the reading of the code by one base, resulting in serious sequence errors in the amino acids, which will produced an abnormal protein (nonsense) unable to carry out its role in metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| A mechanism to correct mismatched bases in the DNA; As the DNA polymerase adds new complementary bases to the DNA template strand during replication, it makes mistakes, so as it adds bases, it also “proofreads” it work and removes mismatched nucleotides |
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Term
Excision Repair
Deinococcus radiodurans |
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Definition
| A mechanism to correct improperly bonded bases in a DNA sequence (physical mutagens); First, nucleases cut out (excise) the damaged DNA, then a different DNA polymerase from the one used in replication replaces the missing nucleotides with the correct ones. Finally, DNA ligase seals the new strand into the rest of the polynucleotide. Name an example. |
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Term
| Transposable Genetic Element |
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Definition
| Fragments of DNA called insertion sequences or transposons that can cause mutations |
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Term
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Definition
| segment of DNA that forms a copy of itself, after which the copy moves into areas of gene activity to interrupt the genetic coding sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| have no genetic information other than for the ability to insert into a chromosome, they produce copies of themselves and the copies move into other areas of the chromosomes; can be a prime source of spontaneous mutation |
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Term
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Definition
| A segment of DNA that moves from one site on a DNA molecule to another site, carrying information for protein synthesis; “jumping genes” |
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Term
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Definition
| larger than IS and carry additional genes for various functions, like antibiotic resistance, but they interrupt the genetic code of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| jumps away from its location and nothing takes its place, so they move from plasmid to plasmid, from plasmid to chromosome, or from chromosome, to plasmid; inverted repetitive base sequences at the ends of the element appears to help the ability to move |
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Term
|
Definition
many contain genes for antibiotic resistance and can transfer this quality
- e.g. if a plasmid containing a ___ is transferred from one bacterial cell to another, the _____ will move along with it, spreading the genes for antibiotic resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism carrying a mutation |
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Term
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Definition
| The common or native form of a gene or organism; Should the mutant survives it may multiply and emerge as the predominant form |
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Term
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Definition
| The visible (physical) appearance of an organism resulting from the interaction between its genetic makeup and the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique to identify and isolate a single mutant from among thousands of possible cells or colonies |
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Term
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Definition
| When this is unable to grow without the amino acid histidine, this mutant (written his-) has lost the ability that the wild type strain (his+) has to make its own histidine |
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Term
| Plating Technique Select for Specific Mutants or Characteristics |
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Definition
| the chemical composition of the transfer plate is key to visual identification of the colonies being hunted. The use of a replica plating device makes the identification possible. The device consists of a sterile velveteen cloth or filter paper mounted on a solid support. When an agar plate (master plate) with bacterial colonies is gently pressed against the surface of the velveteen, some cells from each colony stick to the velveteen. If another agar plate then is pressed against this velveteen cloth, some cells will be transferred (replicated) in the same pattern as on the master plate |
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Term
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Definition
| A mutant strain of an organism lacking the ability to synthesize a nutritional need |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism that contains all its nutritional needs |
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Term
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Definition
| A method for identifying mutations by selecting cells or colonies that do not grow when replica plated (auxotroph) (his-) |
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Term
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Definition
| A method for selecting mutant cells by their growth as colonies on agar (prototroph) (his+) (identification of tetracycline resistant mutants) |
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Term
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Definition
| Any physical or chemical substance that causes tumor formation and cause mutations in bacterial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| diagnostic procedure used to detect potential cancer causing agents in humans by the ability of the agent to cause mutations in bacterial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| an auxotrophic, histidine requiring strain (his-) of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium is used. If inoculated onto a plate of nutrient medium lacking histidine, no colonies will appear because in this auxotrophic strain the gene inducing histidine synthesis is mutated and not active |
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Term
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Definition
| the potential carcinogen is mixed with a liver enzyme preparation before the test, this is because chemical only because tumor causing and mutagenic in humans after they have been modified by liver enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| A process of detecting mutants by examining numerous colonies |
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Term
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Definition
| referring to a mutant organism or cell that has reacquired its original phenotype or metabolic activity |
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Term
|
Definition
| referring to a mutant organism or cell that has reacquired its original phenotype or metabolic activity |
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