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| Maryland, Delaware,Kentucky and Missouri; these slave states stayed with the Union and were crucial to Lincoln's political and military strategy. He feared alienating them with emancipation of slaves and adding them to the Confederate cause. |
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| Northerners who went South to participate in Reconstruction governments; although they possessed a variety of motives, Southerners often viewed them as opportunistic, poor whites. A carpetbag was cheap luggage hoping to exploit the South. |
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| Senator from Massachusetts who was "caned" on the floor of the Senate (1856) for an antislavery speech; he required three years to recover but returned to the Senate to lead the Radical Republicans and to fight for racial equality. Sumner authored the Civil Rights Act of 1875. |
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| Ended the Reconstruction period in the South in exchange for the election of Rutherford B. Hayes. |
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| Northern Democrats who supported the Southern Cause; they were strongest in Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. Former Ohio congressman Clement L. Vallandigham was the most notorious Copperhead. Many of Lincoln's arbitrary arrests were against this group. |
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| A US Government sponsored agency that provided food, established schools and tried to redistribute land to former slaves as part of Radical Reconstruction; it was most effective in education, where it created over 4,000 schools in the South. |
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| Union general who was reluctant to attack Lee because of military/political reasons; his timidity prompted Lincoln to fire him twice during the war. He ran unsuccessfully for president against Lincoln in 1864 under an antiwar platform. |
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| President of the Confederate States of America; a leading southern politician of the 1850s, he believed slavery essential to the South and held that it should expand into the territories without restriction. He served as US senator from Mississippi and secretary of war before becoming president of the Confederacy. After the war, he served two years in prison for his role in the rebellion. |
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| Vice president under James Buchanan and Democratic presidential nominee in 1860 who supported slavery and states' rights; he split the Democratic vote with Stephen Douglas and lost the election to Lincoln. He served in the Confederate army and as secretary of war. |
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| Explorer, soldier, politician and first president nominee of the Republican Party (1856); his erratic personal behavior and his radical views on slavery made him controversial and unelectable. |
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| Republican faction in Congress who demanded immediate emancipation of the slaves at the war's beginning; after the war, they favored racial equality, voting rights and land distribution for the former slaves. Lincoln and Johnson opposed their ideas as too extreme. |
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| Highly regarded Confederate general who was first offered command of the Union armies but declined. Lee was very successful until he fought against Grant in 1864 and 1865. He surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia to Grant on April 9, 1865 to end major fighting in the war. |
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| White southerners who cooperated with and served in Reconstruction governments; generally eligible to vote, they were usually considered as traitor to their states. |
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| Reconstruction plan of Lincoln and Johnson; When 10 percent of the number of voters in 1860 took an oath of allegiance, renounced secession, and approved the Thirteenth Amendment, a southern state could form a government and elect congressional representatives. |
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| TENURE OF OFFICE ACT 1867 |
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| Radical attempt to further diminish Andrew Johnson's authority by providing that the president could not remove any civilian official without Senate approval; Johnson violated the law buy removing Edwin Stanton as secretary of war and the House of Representatives impeached him. |
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| Uncompromising Radical Republican who wanted to revolutionize the South by giving equality to blacks; a leader in the impeachment of Johnson, he hoped for widespread land distribution to former slaves. |
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| Union general whose relentless pursuit of Lee finally brought the war to an end in April 1865. Elected president in 1868, he presided over two disappointing and corrupt terms. |
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| Harsh Congressional Reconstruction bill that was vetoed by Lincoln. |
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| Lincoln's secretary of state who worked to buy Alaska from Russia. He was Lincoln's chief rival for the Republican nomination in 1860 but his comments about the Fugitive Slave Law and "irrepressible conflict" made him too controversial for nomination. |
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