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intellectual dispute
-ancients said works of greeks and romans had never been surpassed
-moderns believed the present was the most developed time |
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| MODERNS viewed god as a first cause of the physical universe instead of a 'father' |
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details of the physical universe compared to that of a watch; so complex and detailed
looked at god as the "watchmaker" |
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| movement which stressed ordinary people to have inner spiritual experiences instead of those taught in doctrines |
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| part of a group within the church of england that did good works and preached religion? |
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| austrian physcian; early teachings of hypnotism |
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| secretive englightening movements; had occult like knowledge; not acceptable to preach the principles of enlightenment |
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| series of books by denis diderot about science, history, technology, and knowledge |
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edited the encyclopedie in Paris in mid-18th century
first enlightened, secular encyclopedia |
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| "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" |
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| Edward Gibbons book attacking christianity (believed christianity was the fall of the roman empire) |
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(1689-1755) French philosopher; wrote "spirit of laws" in 1748 believed in order to ensure liberty of people, power of government needed to be divided into three branches
each branch should have power to check or limit the power of the other two thus no branc could become a threat to liberty
BASIS FOR US CONSTITUTION |
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1694-1778: French philosophical wrote about the freedom of thought and first to write a secular world history
most famous and admired by england brought them scientific and philosophical achievement before the rest of europe
less concerned with political freedom, government was purely a means of englihtening
"Ecrasez l'infame"
crush the infamous thing |
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1712-1778:
wrote the SOCIAL CONTRACT in 1762; man of feeling often contradicted himself
believed govt should be ruled with the consent of people
people should be soveriegn
believed liberty and justice should thrive in a state where the general will of the people was all powerful... |
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| written by montesquieu said that forms of govt varied according to climate and circumstances/valued seperation and balance of powers |
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| 1762 rosseau said state of nature was brutish believed in a social and political contract between the people and their ruler |
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| contract where people put their individual wills together and general will had the final decision? |
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| sometimes critically called "economists" |
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| French physiocrat whose goal was to increase the national wealth by reducing barriers such as trading taxes.. |
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| would result in the highest welfare if self interested and enlightened people interacted mutually |
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| land tax generallly only paid by peasants |
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| put a 5% tax on income from all forms of property - land, manorial rights, and commercial investments |
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| during Louis XV's reign; did away with the old parlements and set up new ones. Attempted to make laws and judicial procedures; more uniform, less corrupt, and judges less privileged |
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| judges had no property rights.. |
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| early Louis XVI; advocated free trade within france and the absolutism of the corvee. attempted to reform taxation and establish religious toleration |
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| son of Maria Theresa, pure repsentative of the enlightenment |
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| urged more national independence from rome for german catholic prelates |
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| frederick the greats nickname; wrote memoirs and histories rehabillitating prussia |
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| german, ruled Russia "enlightened despot" reforms on serfdom and torture |
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| consultative assembly by Catherine the Great in 1767 |
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| former soldier, considered himself to be the true czar; led a rebellion |
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| wanted to end serfdom and taxes and military conscription; gathered serfs and peasants but betrayed by some of his followers |
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| what would happen of the polish turkish tract, which stretched through asia minor syria and plestine into egypt |
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| answer to the eastern question; members of the greek orthodox church were to replace muslims throughout the middle east |
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| seaport on the north coast of the black Sea |
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| grandson of catherine of the great; trained by catherine to be ruler; defeated napoleon bonaparte, preached peace, and suffer from international divisions |
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| 1760's-1748? age of the democratic revolution; one great revolutionary wave by western civillization? |
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| eccentric 18th century english men that loved the puritan revolution (english civil war) when an attempt was made at a republic |
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| reform leader in great britain |
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1729-1797; founder of philosophical conservatism
said..
-the land owning interest in a society should govern
-a parliamentary body should be independant and responsible, not mathermatically respresented
-a representative in a parliamentary body should follow their own best judgement of the country's interest. |
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| not ruled by any gov't (northern scotlanders) |
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| rose against england in 1798 to become an independant republic |
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| created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |
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| men without vote, such as those in collonies, were virtually represented by members of parliament in england |
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| british recognized america as independent |
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| division of authority between national government and state government |
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| line of bourbon kings, ended with Louis XVI? |
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| france after the old regime |
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| lesser landowners in a manor owned their land so they could buy sell or lease it |
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| fighting off changes of the revolution |
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| a sign of progress in the interim of the well to do classes (main government creditors) |
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successor of Louis XVI, placed a general tax on all land owners without exemption
king dismissed him and appointed his successor "lomenie de brienne"
confiscated some property rights of the church |
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| sucessor of Calonne after louis xvi dismisses caloonnne, archbishop of Taulouse; pushed for same programs as Calonne and was rejected by parlements |
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| launched famous pamphlet "what is the third estate" in January 1789 |
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| What is The Third Estate? |
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| declared that the nobility was useless and should be abolished |
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| swore and signed on June 20, 1789 by members of National Assembly |
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| attacked stronghold built in the middle ages |
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| spred over the country in 1789 (panic in the wake of travellers, postal carriers, and others) |
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national assembly meeting in which a small group of debutiies prepared a surprise move in choosing an evening session from which many would be absent
serfdom and servitudes were ended
tax privileges were given up
declared that fuedalism was abolished |
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| Declaration of the Rights of Man |
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| issued on august 26 1789 to affirm principles of the new state |
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| book by thomas paine to defend the french revolution |
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| used club as a caucus to discuss their policies and lay their plans |
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| Louis XVI attempted to escape from the kingdom and seek help from foreign countries |
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| name for the new gov't of france after the revolution |
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| negotiable instruments to buy parcels of former church lands |
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| Civil Constitution of the Clergy |
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| setup a french national church, parish priests and bishiops elected |
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counterrevolutionary aspects of the church
one of two new churches in france |
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| less radical than jacobins, wanted to end the violence in the revolution |
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| Reflections on the revolution in france |
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| written in 1790 by edmund burke, predicted anarchy and dictatorship for france |
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| king of sweden offered to lead a monarchist crusade |
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| king gustavus iii's brother led emigres with louis xvi and marie antoinette |
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| at first nobles, settled in various parts of europe and preached holy wars |
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| the hapsburg emperor, brother of marie antoinette |
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| leopold would take military steps to restore order in france if all the other powers would join in |
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| successor of the emperor Leopold II, more inclined to yield to the clamors of the old aristocracy |
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| july 25, declared that if any harm befell the french king/queen the austro-prussian forces would exact the most severe retribution from the inhabitants of the city |
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| revolutionary municiplal gov't forced the abrogation of the constitution |
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| volunteers wanting to dispose of enemies in paris took 1,100 people (priests and counterrevolutionaries) and killed them |
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| an artillery battle on september 29, won by disorganized french armies |
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| group of the legislative assembly who preferred to sit in the highest seats; extreme jacobins |
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| jacobin leader, misunderstood as either a dictator / fanatic or an ideliast and a visionary |
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| robespierre was free of bribery and graft |
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| unselfish public spirit and civil zeal |
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| commitee of public safety |
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| group of 12 members of the program of convention who were reelected every month to catch counterrevolutrionaries and kill them |
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| set up by the commitee of public safety,struck those against the republic/suspected of hostile activities |
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| where victims of the reign of terror were sent |
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| commitee proclaimed/called on the ablebodied men to rally colors of the revolution *redwhiteblue* |
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| father of modern chemistry, guillentined in 1794 because he had been involved in the "cult of reason" |
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| terror subsided after the fall of robespierre; which stunned the country |
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| made money by wartime gov't contracts or profits |
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