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| in a eukaryotic cell, one of the structures in the nucleus that are made up of DNA and protein; in a prokaryotic cell, the main ring of DNA |
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| a type of protein molecule found in the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells |
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| one of the two strands of a chromosome that become visible during meiosis or mitosis |
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| the region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis |
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| one of the two strands of a chromosome that become visible during meiosis or mitosis |
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| one of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual |
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| any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
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| chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structure, and that pair during meiosis |
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| an array of the chromosomes found in an individual’s cells at metaphase of mitosis and arranged in homologous pairs and in order of diminishing size |
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| a cell that contains two haploid sets of chromosomes |
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| describes a cell, nucleus, or organism that has only one set of unpaired chromosomes |
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| a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size |
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| in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes |
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| reproduction that does not involve the union of gametes and in which a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent |
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| a process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells (gametes or spores) |
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| a haploid reproductive cell that unites with another haploid reproductive cell to form a zygote |
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| a period between two mitotic or meiotic divisions during which the cell grows, copies its DNA, and synthesizes proteins |
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| the division of the cytoplasma of a cell; cytokinesis follows the division of the cell's nucleus by mitosis or meiosis |
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| the first stage of mitosis and meiosis in cell division; characterized by the condensation of the chromosomes |
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| one of the microtubules that extend across a dividing eukaryotic cell; assists in the movement of chromosomes |
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| one of the stages of mitosis and meiosis, during which all of the chromosomes move to the cell's equator |
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| a phase of mitosis and meiosis in which the chromosomes separate |
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| the final stage of mitosis or meiosis, during which a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes |
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| the precursor of a new plant cell wall that forms during cell division and divides a cell into two |
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| the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis |
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| the four chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes that come together as a result of synapsis during meiosis |
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| the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis; can result in genetic recombination |
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| the regrouping of genes in an offspring that results in a genetic makeup that is different from that of the parents |
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| the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes |
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| the process by which male gametes form |
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| the production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum |
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| three products of meiosis |
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| reproduction in which gametes from two parents unite |
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