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| A system of social stratification based on individual achievement. (Macionis 2008:652) [Theoretically a class system is open and a person can move into any position in the hierarchy. It is important to remember that you are born into a class and that affects your chances.] |
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| A recognized social position that an individual occupies. |
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| a rigid form of stratification based on ascribed characteristics, such as skin color or family identity, that determine a person’s prestige, occupation, residence, and social relationships. [Caste systems are closed (at least in this lifetime) and a person remains in the status he or she was born into. Castes are usually associated with an occupation.] |
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| In Hinduism, a category you are born into which identifies your degree of immersion into the life process. Higher varna are closer to achieving nirvana. The varna include Brahmins (priests), Kshatryia (warriors), Vaishaya (merchants), and Shudras (servants). |
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| Relationships between families of different castes (landlord and laboring castes, for example. |
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| A system of slavery in which a slave ultimately becomes part of the family. |
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| A system of slavery in which a slave is always outside the family. |
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| As part of peasantry, it was the tribute given to a state official by the peasants. If the peasant was free it was in the form of a tax, and if it were a tenant peasant, the tribute was paid as a portion of what he produced. The state official would keep a portion (the prebendal) and pass the rest on to the treasury of the central sovereign. |
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| a form of highly personalized and centralized political rule in which nepotism is normal. (424) [NOTE: Patrimonialism preceded bureaucracy. In Patromonialism, offices did not require much expertise, and almost anyone could fulfill any office, so offices were given to family and friends. In Bureaucracy, the offices often require a significant amount of expertise, so people are hired who have the necessary skills, and nepotism is diminished.] |
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| intensified commercial activity centered in Europe prior to the rise of capitalism as a fully established social system. It formed a worl market and initiated European colonial conquest of Latin America, Africa and Asia. |
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| The seclusion of women from the sight of men or strangers, practiced by some Muslims and Hindus. |
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| socially and culturally determined differences in the behavior, role and status of man and women. |
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| The biological identification of being either male or female. |
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| In Chinese philosophy and religion, the feminine principle. This principle tends to be not only feminine, but dark and negative. |
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| In Chinese philosophy and religion, the male principle. This principle tends to be not only male, but bright and positive. |
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| “an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.” |
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| “a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state” |
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