The strength with a multibalent antibody binds with a multivalent antigen. 

Increase avidity=increase stability.

Optimal amounts of antigen and antibody. 

A lattice forms and immune complexes become visible.

Exces antibody.

False - reactions

Excess antigen

True - results

Absorbance units.

Laser light is scattered by precipitates in a liquad.

Measures amount of light that's scattered at an angle.

Rapid and sensitive.

IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, and C4

Antibody added to gel, antigen inserted into a well.

Precipitation occurs in a ring.

Ring is proportional to the amount of antigen.

Antigen & Antibody inserted in plain gel.

Diffusion

Line of precip forms:

Identity - Sad Face

Non Ientity - Cross

Partial Identity - spur points to simplar antigen

1) Atb in gel

2) Sampe placed in gel

3) Current applied = Rocket

4) Precip = to Antigen

5) Useful for Ig's, complement in serum, urine, and CSF

electrophoresis & double diffusion

Anti - serum placed in troph, cut into gel

Precip = arc

Anti-serum on strip

Complexes form and stained

Best for Western blot and HIV

Sensitization

Affected by

Affinity & Avidity

IgM

Antigen:Antibody

Steric Hindrance

Lattice Formation

Forms when

A bivalent antibody combines with multiple antigen sites then;

Antibody combines with 2nd antibody

then combines with 2nd antigen

This continues until the complex is large it becomed affect by the environment and then concen. of antigen and antibody

Enhancement of Lattice

1. LISS to decrease iconic strength or albumin to increase viscosity
2. Centrifuging
3. IgG=37      IgM = room temp
4. Enzymes
5. AHG

Direct Agglutination

1. DAT - Direct Antiglobulin Testing

2.  IAT - Indirect Antiglobulin Testing

AHG can be antibody to both IgG and/or comlement

Test cells directly from the body

+ = IgG & complement attaching to Red cells because of 4 Conditions

1.  Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

2.  HDN

3.  Drug induced Hemolyic Anemia

4.  Transfusion Reaction

Tests for IgG in serum or antigens on Red Cells

1) RBC + antibody + 37

2)  Wash then add AHG

Detects alloantibodies and red cells antigens

1. Over centrifuging
2. Contamination
3. Cross-reactivity
4. Delay in reading results

1. Under centrifuging
2. Prozone
3. Underwashing
4. Inactive reagents
5. Delayed testing
6. Incorrect incubation
7. Forgetting AHG

Exposure to antigen numerous times

Build up of antigens = Positive

Tissue Damage = Negative

Antigen reacts w/ antigen, releases physiological subs.

Anaphylactic allergies - produce large amts. of IgE

2 IgE = cross link = ruptured cell

Mediators are then released

Vivo - skin prick/Intradermal test

Vitro - RIST & RAST

RIST - total IgE

RAST - quantitate IgE

IgG & IgM binding to auto & allo

Complement activated

Antbody or C3b = opsonin

Elderly = virus, leukemias, pnemonias

Children = viral

IgM, reacts at 30* or lower

IgG(37*)

Autoimmune diseases or virus'

Autoimmune Disease

Increase platelet destruction & decrease platelet survival

Occurs when antibody reacts with soluble antigen

IgG or IgM

Complexes deposit in tissue = inflammation

Antigens = drugs, bacteria, or auto-antigens

Lungs, Kidneys, Joints

Animals

Complexes deposit in blood vessels

Inflammation in blood vessels

Passie immunization with animal based serum

One dose can cause symptoms (N&V)

Complexes deposit in tissues

Measure complement

Latex agglutination reactions

Stain tissues with flourecent

Mediated by cells

antibody & complement not involved

Direct skin contact

2nd incounter = swelling, itching

Poison Ivy

Senitizors = leaves of plant

Occupational exposure

PPD injected into skin

Pos. test = previous exposure

Red after 72hrs

5mm of red = pos.

May be caused by related organism

Organism in macrophage can't be destoryed

Granulomas form and surround lymphs

TB, leporcy, fungus, and parasites

Allergic disease of the lung, inflammed tissues

T cells respond to inhaled substances

Dry cough, shortness of breath

Tobacco, cheese, mold, bird droppings