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| Process in which the energy within light is captured and used to synthesize carbohydrates. |
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| Organisms that must eat food, organic molecules from their environment, to sustain life. |
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| Organisms that make organic molecules from inorganic sources, and focus on photoautotrophs, those organisms that use lifht as a source of enery. |
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| This term describes the regions on the surface of the Earth and in the atmosphere where living organisms exist. |
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| A pigment that gives plants their green color. |
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| The central part of the leaf that carries out the bulk of photosynthesis in plants. |
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| Pores in the leafs that allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to leave. |
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| A membrane that contains pigment molecules, including chlorophyll. |
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| Flattened, fluid-filled tubules. |
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| Single convoluted compartment which encloses the thylakoids. |
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| Thylakoids stack on top of eachother to form this structure. |
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| Fluid filled region of the chloroplast between the thylakoid membrane and the inner membrane. Liquid center that doesnt require light (Dark Reaction) |
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| Photosynthesis is divided into which two stages? |
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| Lights reactions and the Calvin Cycle |
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| An electron carrier; its structure differs from NADH by the presence of an additional phosphate group. In the Calvin cycle, atmospherric carbon dioxide is incorporated into organic molecules, some of which are converted to carbohydrates. |
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| The distance between the peaks in a wave pattern. |
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| Encompasses all possible wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, from relatively short wave-lengths (gamma rays) to much longer wavelengths (radio waves) |
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| Massless, particles each traveling in a wavelike pattern and moving at the speed of light. |
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| A molecule that can absorb light energy. |
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| Another type of pigment found in chloroplasts. Orange/yellow colored (suncreen for the plant) Dont participate in photosynthesis. |
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| A diagram that depicts the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation that are absorbed by a pigment. |
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| Having Different pigments allows plants to absorb light at many different wavelengths. In this way, plants are more efficient at capturing the energy in sunlight. This phenomenon is highlighted in an action spectrum, which describes the rate of photosynthesis plotted as a function as a function of different wavelengths of light. |
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| Has two main components, a light harvesting complex and a reaction center. This is the initial step of photosynthesis. With the light harvesting complex- photons are directly absorbed, and energy is transferred via resonance energy transfer. In the reaction center, P680 become excited (P680*), this is relatively unstable, transferred to primary electron acceptor, removes electron from water to replace oxidized P680. Oxidation of water yields oxygen gas. |
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| Key role to make NADPH. Light striking light harvesting complex of PSI transfers energy to a reaction center. High energy electron removed from P700 and transferred to a primary elctron acceptor. NADP+ reductase= NADP+ + 2 electrons + H+ => NADPH. P700+ replaces its electrons from plastocyanin. No splitting water, no oxygen gas formed. |
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| Resonance Energy Transfer |
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| Energy (not the electron itself) can be transferred to adjacent pigment molecules by this process. |
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| Another name for the light harvesting complex. Acts like an antenna that absorbs energy from light and funnels that energy to P680 in the reaction center. |
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| Promary ELectron Acceptor |
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| The role of the raction center is to quickly remove the high-energy electron from P680* and transfer it to this molecule, where the electron will be more stable. |
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| The oxidation of water occurs in this region. |
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| In this method, researchers must purify a protein or protein complex and expose it to conditions that cause the proteins to associate with each otehr in an ordered array. |
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| The combined action of photosystem II and photosystem I is termed noncyclic electron flow because the electrons move linearly from PSII and PSI ultimately to NADP+. Produces ATP and NADPH in equal amounts! |
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| When an organism is exposed to both wavelengths of light simultaneously, the rate of photosynthesis was more than double the rates observed at only one wavelength. |
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| An electron proceeds through a series of energy changes during photosynthesis The Z refers to the zigzag shape of this energy curve. |
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| Cyclic Photophosphorylation |
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| 1) The path of electrons is cyclic. 2)Light energizes the electrons, and 3) ATP is made via the phosphorylation of ADP. |
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| Another name for Cyclic Photophosphorylation. |
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| When two or more gense are similar because they are derived from the same ancestral gene, they are called homolgous gense. |
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| Carbon Fixation (Phase 1) |
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| CO2 becomes incorporated into RuBP, a five carbon sugar. The enzyme that catalyzes this step is name RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase, or Rubisco. |
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| This enzyme, which constitutes the most abundant protein in chloroplasts, is perhaps the most abundant protein on earth. The product of the reaction is a six-carbon intermediate that immediately splits in half to form two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG). |
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| Reduction and Carbohydrate Production (Phase II) |
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| ATP is useed to convert 3PG to 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate. Next, electrons from NADPH reduce 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). G3P is a carbohydrate with three carbon atoms. The key difference between 3PG and G3P is that G3P has a C-H bond, while the analogous carbon in 3PG forms a C-O bond. The C-H bond can occur because the G3P molecule has been reduced by the additon of two electrons from NADPH. Compared to 3PG, the bonds in G3P store more energy and enable G3P to readily form larger organic molecules such as glucose. |
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| Regenreation of RuBP (Phase III) |
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| The last phase of the Calvin Cycle, a series of enzymatic steps converts the 10 G3P molecules into 6 RuBP molecules, using 6 molecules of ATP. After the RuBP molecules are regenerated, they can serve as acceptors for CO2, therby allowing the cycle to continue. |
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| Plants that contain 3 carbon molecules, 3PG. |
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| This process uses O2 and liberates CO2. This process is considered wasteful because it reverses the effects of photosynthesis, thereby reducing the ability of a plant to make carbohydrates, which limits plant growth. Conserves water at the expense of sugar production. |
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| Plants that produce a 4 carbon molecule instead of a 3 carbon molecule. |
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| Adds CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to produce the four carbon compound oxaloacetate. PEP carboxylase does not recognize O2. Therefore, unlike rubisco, PEP carboxylase does not promote photorespiration when CO2 is low and O2 is high. Instead, PEP carboxylase continues to fix CO2. |
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| Another namefor C4 plants. Cam stands for crssulacean acid metabolism, because the process was first studied in membrs of the plant family crassulaceae. these plants are water storing succulents such as cacti, bromeliads, and sedums. To avoid water loss cam plants keep their stomata closed during the day and open during the night. At night the stomata allows CO2 into mesophyll cells, which joins with PEp to form the four carbon compound oxaloacetate. This is converted to malate, which accumulates during the the night in the central vacuoles of the cells. In the morning the stomata close to conserve moisture. the accumulated malate in the mesophyll cells leaves the vacuole and is broken down to release CO2, which then drives the Calin cycle during the day time. |
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| Reflects Blue-green pigments |
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| Reflects the yellow-green spectrum of light. |
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