Term
| Incentive-sensitization model of addiction |
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Definition
Distinction exists between drug "liking"(the high) and drug "wanting"(craving).
Developing an addiction is marked by increase in wanting even though liking may diminish slightly.
Two components of drug reward, repeated use causes sensitization of "wanting", but no sensitization in the "liking" system. Mesolimbic DA system can be sensitized by repeated administration.
Wanting arises from incentive salience: certain stimuli become salient(attention grabbing) and develop incentive(attractive/desireable) properties.
Robinson & Berridge, Universtiy of Michigan(1993, 2000)
Critiques: does not deal with early stages of addiction(?) |
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Term
Opponent-Process model of addiction
[Counteradaptation] |
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Definition
Neural mechanisms responsible for affect(mood & emotion)are organized such that any stimulus that provokes an initially strong affective reaction(a-process) automatically sets in motion an opposing affective response(b-process) that is experienced after the initial stimulus ends.
B-process delayed hence the bad feelings that follow the euphoria induced by the a-process. Repeated administation increases the magnitude of the b-process affective response.
Solomon & Corbit(1974, 1977)
Koob & Le Moal(1997) suggest that the combined affective response would permenantly alter the threshold of the affective response resulting in chronic dysphoria.
Critiques: does not deal with early stages of addiction(?) |
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Term
Disease model of addiction
[medical model] |
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Definition
Addiction is a disease and requires professional guidance and support.
Critiques: moral condemnations relieved which allows addict to "hide" behind applied term "disease" - this may also serve the benefit of eliminating guilt in addict too; definition of disease when applied to addiction becomes circular - but all psych problems are established by the behaviours of the individual and no particularly conclusives tests exist to assess likeliness of disease presence |
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Term
Susceptibility Model of Drug Addiction
(component of Disease model) |
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Definition
Addiction is underpinned by a genetic disposition towards uncontrolled drug use.
"Addicts are born, not made".
Critiques: little can be determined by genetic research at this time due to the complex interactions at the genomic level. |
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Term
Exposure Model of Drug Addiction
(component of Disease Model) |
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Definition
| Exposure to drugs alters physical and chemical attributes of the brain. Chronic exposure produces the necessary changes that are responsible for loss of control. |
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Term
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Definition
| Addiction arises due to personal or moral weakness in an individual. |
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Term
| Biopsychosocial Model of Addiction |
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Definition
| Incorporates biological, psychological, and sociological factors to explaining addiction. |
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Term
| Factors Influencing Experimental Substance Use in Adolescents |
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Definition
Types of influence: Social, Cultural/attitudinal, Intrapersonal
Levels of Influence: Proximal - perhaps the most predictive level, Distal, Ultimate |
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Term
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Definition
| the correlation of drug abuse or addiction with the presence of numerous psychological disorders. |
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Term
| Personality-related pathways to addiction(Verheul & van der Brink, 2000) |
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Definition
| (1) behavioural dishibition - deviant behaviours like impulsivity, antisocial behaviour, etc. combined with low levels of constraint and harm avoidance lead to addiction; (2) stress reduction - stress reactivity, anxiety, and neuroticism trigger mood disorders whihc lead to attempts to self-medicate; (3) reward sensitivity - |
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Term
| Self-medication Hypothesis |
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Definition
Predicts the habitual use of drugs to counteract normal affective states. For example, those with overactive systems will seek depressants while those with depressed activity will seek stimulants.
The experiences on suitably balancing drugs will positively-reinforce the use of the drugs. |
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Term
| 4 different functions of drug abuse |
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Definition
1) social facilitation - drugs consumed in groups and thus use increases social bonds.
2) removal of user from normal social roles & responsibilities.
3) promotes group solidarity particularily within an ethnic group.
4) abuse within a drug subculture that promotes ritual drug use and rejects conventional perspectives on drug use. |
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