Term
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Definition
| The Process that results in the complte oxidation of glucose using oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Oxygen acts as the final elctron acceptor for an electron transport chain that produces a proton gradient for the chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of electron transport to generate a proton gradient for chemiosmotic sythesis of ATP using a final electron acceptor other than oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| The enzyme responsible for producing ATP in oxidative phosphorylation; it uses the energy from a proton gradient to catalyze the reaction ADP+Pi -->ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| The anaerobic breakdown of glucose; this enzyme-catalyzed process yields two molecules of pyruvate with a net of two molecules of ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| A three-carbon molecule that is the end product of glycolysis; each glucose molecule yields two pyruvae molecules. |
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Definition
| The product of the transition reaction between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA by NAD+, also producing Co2 and NADH. |
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Term
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Definition
| The passage of energetic electrons through a series of membrane-associated electron-carrier molecules to proton pumps embedded within mitochondrial or chloroplast membranes. |
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Term
| nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) |
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Definition
| A molecule that becomes reduced (to NADH) as it carries high-energy electrons from oxidized molecules and delivers them to ATP-producing pathways in the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme located on the inner mitochondrial membrane that catalyzes the oxidation by NAD+ of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. This reaction links glycolysis and the Krebs Cylcle. |
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Term
| Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD, FADH2) |
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Definition
| A cofactor that acts as a soluble (not membrane-bound) electron carrier (can be reversibly oxidized and reduced.) |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the major metabolic pathways of cellular respiration, and involves a cyclic series of enzymatic reactions by which pyruvate converted into Acetyl Coenzyme A is completely oxidized to CO2 and hydrogen is removed from the carbon molecules, transferring the hydrogen atoms and electrons to electron-carrier molecules (e.g. NADH and FADH2) as well as the metabolic energy to high energy bonds (e.g. ATP). |
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Term
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Definition
| The mechanism by which ATP is generated in mitochondria and chloroplasts; energetic electrons excited by light (in chloroplasts) or extracted by oxidation in the Krebs cycle (in mitochondria) are used to drive proton pumps, creating a proton concentration gradient; when protons subsequently flow back across the membrane, they pass through channels that couple their movement to the synthesis of ATP. |
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Term
| Electron Transfer Phosphorylation |
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Definition
| synthesis of atp involving a membrane associated electron transport chain and the creation of a proton-motive force. |
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Term
| Substrate Level Phosphorylation |
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Definition
| a type of metabolism that results in the formation and creation of (ATP) or guanosine triphosphate (GTP) by the direct transfer and donation of a phosphoryl (PO3) group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or guanosine diphosphate (GDP) from a phosphorylated reactive intermediate. |
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