Term
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Definition
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Term
| Peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bundles of axons and their sheaths which extend from the CNS |
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Term
| How many pairs of cranial nerves are in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| collections of neuron cell bodies which are outside the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| transmit action potentials from sensory organs to CNS -- sensory division |
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Term
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Definition
| transmit action potentials from CNS to effector organs -- motor division |
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Term
| Somatic motor nervous system |
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Definition
| transports action potentials from CNS to skeletal muscles -- voluntary |
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Term
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Definition
| transmits action potentials from CNS to smooth/cardiac muscles -- involuntary |
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Term
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Definition
| generally prepares the body for physical activity (increases rate and strength of heartbeat/raises blood pressure/stimulates liver to release more glucose) |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates resting and nutrition related functions such as digestion, defecation, and urination |
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Term
| What two categories can the efferent division be divided into? |
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Definition
| Somatic motor nervous system and autonomic nervous system |
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Term
| What two categories can the autonomic nervous system be divided into? |
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Definition
| Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| What three basic units make up a neuron? |
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Definition
| Cell body, axon, and dendrites |
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Term
| What is another word for the cell body of a neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sends action potentials away from cell body |
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Term
| Where does the action potential begin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the dendrites do? |
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Definition
| Bring messages into cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| Fatty wrapping the speeds up transmission of action potential down axon |
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Term
| What produces the myelin sheaths? |
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Definition
| Schwann cells in PNS, oligodendrocytes in CNS |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| branch off axon, ending in presynaptic terminals |
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Term
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Definition
| One process, pseudodendrites, afferent neurons |
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Term
| How many neurons do we lose every day? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Two processes, specialized afferent neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| Several dendrites, one axon, motor or association neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| Conducts action potentials from one neuron to another in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| (CNS) binds neurons together and insulates axons of neurons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How are Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes different? |
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Definition
| Schwann cells only wrap around a portion of one axon, while oligodendrocytes wrap several axons |
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Term
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Definition
| engage in phagocytosis to fight infections |
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Term
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Definition
| form the blood-brain barrier |
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Term
| Unciliated ependymal cells |
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Definition
| secrete cerebrospinal fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| Moves cerebrospinal fluid around and keeps it homogeneous |
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Term
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Definition
| shiny white wrapping around nerves (made of collagen) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| wraps individual axon bundles |
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Term
| What are the 3 ways cells are classified as far as what they do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common type of nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| On what conditions can a nerve regenerate once severed? |
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Definition
| Covered by Schwann cells (in PNS), cell body must remain alive, and the two pieces of severed nerve must line up well |
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Term
| Why can only Schwann cells regenerate nerves? |
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Definition
| They form around severed end of axon and guide it back to the myelin sheath, while oligodendrocytes are devoted to multiple axons so they can not do this |
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Term
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Definition
| Electrical signal carried by an axon in a nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to create potential response to a stimulus |
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Term
| Which cells are excitable? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| measure of charge difference across cell membrane |
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Term
| Why does the potential difference exist? |
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Definition
| It is a surface phenomenon |
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Term
| What does it mean if a neuron is at rest? |
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Definition
| No action potentials running down axon |
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Term
| What is the charge outside the axon at rest? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the charge inside the axon at rest? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| positive and negative charges are separated |
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Term
| Why is the membrane polarized? |
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Definition
| It contains large negatively charged proteins that can't exit the membrane without a transport system |
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Term
| How many sodium ions are taken out for every potassium ion brought in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What tends to diffuse out of the cell during the resting period? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which ion is the plasma membrane more permeable to at rest? |
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Definition
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Term
| When the cell is at rest, where are most of the potassium ions concentrated? |
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Definition
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Term
| When the cell is at rest, where are most of the sodium ions located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the cell more negative during the resting period? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the resting potential of a cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What creates an action potential? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the stimulus for skeletal muscle cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are released at the synapses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a neurotransmitter do? |
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Definition
| Passes action potential from one neuron to another |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are examples of an environment change that can trigger a stimulus? |
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Definition
| Heat/cold, light, feel, chemicals, electric shock |
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Term
| What does an action potential do to the charge inside the cell? |
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Definition
| Makes it more positive than outside |
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Term
| What does the potential difference change to once a stimulus occurs and disrupts the resting period? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the potential difference during depolarization? |
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Definition
| Less negative outside, more positive inside |
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Term
| When the cell is at rest, why are there more sodium ions outside the cell than potassium ions inside the cell? |
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Definition
| The membrane is more permeable to the potassium, so while sodium can not go into the cell, potassium can diffuse out. Also, the sodium-potassium-exchange-pump pulls more sodium out of the cell than it puts potassium into the cell |
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Term
| What is the charge of the inside of the cell while at rest? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens first when a stimulus is triggered? |
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Definition
| Channel proteins in membrane open up to allow sodium to diffuse into cell |
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Term
| Why does the inside of the cell get more positive during depolarization? |
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Definition
| The sodium ions can now diffuse through the membrane into the cell |
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Term
| What happens during repolarization? |
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Definition
| The channel proteins allowing the sodium into the cell close and the potassium gates open. The potassium leaves the cell and the potential difference drops to just below -85mV |
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Term
| How is the resting potential reestablished after the cell repolarizes? |
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Definition
| Both the sodium and the potassium gates close, and the sodium-potassium-exchange pump brings the cell back to its original state |
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Term
| What happens during depolarization? |
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Definition
| The channel proteins open to allow sodium into the cell |
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Term
| What is a stimulus called that is strong enough to trigger an action potential? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a stimulus called that is not strong enough to create an action potential? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a local potential? |
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Definition
| Small charge in potential difference that dies out because the stimulus that produced it was subthreshold |
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Term
| Does a local potential travel down the axon? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the intensity of a stimulus (hot vs. warm) depend on? |
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Definition
| Frequency of action potentials (not size) |
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Term
| What does the refractory period do? |
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Definition
| Keeps action potential from traveling back up axon |
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Term
| Absolute refractory period |
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Definition
| No action potential can be created while another is in progress |
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Term
| Relative refractory period |
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Definition
| Small action potential created |
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Term
| How does the action potential move down an unmyelinated axon? |
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Definition
| it must travel down whole axon (continuous conduction) |
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Term
| How does action potential travel down a myelinated axon? |
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Definition
| The signal hops down the signal using the nodes of Ranvier (saltatory conduction) |
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Term
| What is the difference between a sharp vs. a dull ache? |
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Definition
| Saltatory conduction vs. continuous conduction |
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Term
| What affects the speed at which an action potential travels down an axon? |
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Definition
| Myelinated vs. unmyelinated and width of the axon |
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Term
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Definition
| Carries signal to synapse |
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Term
| What keeps our neurons from transmitting information we don't need? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stops information from passing to the next neuron |
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Term
| What synapses make up the majority of nearon-to-neuron synapses? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| space between two neurons |
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Term
| Excitatory chemical synapse |
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Definition
| Uses a neurotransmitter to carry the signal across the space between neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| Single axon carrying multiple action potentials in a short amount of time |
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Term
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Definition
| Many axons all carry an action potential to the same neuron all at once |
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Term
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Definition
| takes neurons farther away from creating an action potential |
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Term
| What is the effect of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials? |
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Definition
| Decrease the chance for an action potential |
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Term
| If a synapse's receptors open potassium channels on the postsynaptic neuron, it is a(n) _______ synapse. |
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Definition
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Term
| If a synapse's receptors open sodium channels on the postsynaptic neuron, it is a(n) ___________ synapse. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Many inputs lead to one output |
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Term
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Definition
| One message gets spread to different parts of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| message regenerates itself |
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Term
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Definition
| Prolongs effect of stimulus |
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Term
| When you flex your forearm, what division of the PNS is being used? What division of that nervous system is being used? |
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Definition
| Efferent; somatic motor nervous system |
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Term
| What system of the PNS is being used first when you touch a hot stove? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a signal in a neuron traveling in the same direction as a signal in another process of that same neuron, is it traveling towards or away from the cell body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does it tell you if the microglia in the brain are very active? |
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Definition
| The brain probably has an infection |
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Term
| What are two reasons a neuron would not respond to a stimulus? |
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Definition
| The stimulus was subthreshold; the neuron was in absolute refractory period |
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