Term
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Definition
| The psychological conflict of the first year. When the balance of care is sympathetic and loving, it is resolved on the positive side. |
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Term
| Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt |
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Definition
| Conflict of toddlerhood, resolved favorably when parents provide your children with suitable guidance and reasonable choices. |
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Term
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Definition
| Happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, and disgust. Universal in humans and other primates and have a long evolutionary history of promoting survival. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parent's communication evokes this broad grin between 6 and 10 weeks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most frequent expression of fear in response to unfamiliar adults. |
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Term
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Definition
| Infants use the familiar caregiver as a point from which to explore, venturing into the environment and then returning for emotional support. |
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Term
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Definition
| Infants actively seek emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy and pride. Humans are capable of a second, higher-order set of feelings, each involving either injury to or enhancement of our sense of self. |
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Term
| Emotional Self-Regulation |
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Definition
| The strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation. Reactivity refers to quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity. Self-regulation refers to strategies that modify that reactivity. |
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Term
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Definition
| (~40%) Quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| (~10%) Irregular in daily routines, slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely. |
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Term
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Definition
| (~15%) Inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions, to environmental stimuli, is negative in mood, and adjusts slowly to new experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| The capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response. |
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Term
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Definition
| React negatively to and withdraw from novel stimuli. |
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Term
| Uninhibited (Sociable) Children |
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Definition
| Display positive emotion and approach novel stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| Explains how temperament and environment can together produce favorable outcomes. Involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while simultaneously encouraging more adaptive functioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Strong affectionate tie we have for special people in our lives that leads us to experience pleasure and joy when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress. |
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Term
| Ethological Theory of Attachment |
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Definition
| Recognizes the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival, and is the most widely accepted view. |
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Term
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Definition
| Babies become upset when their trusted caregiver leaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Set of expectations about the availability of attachment figures, their likelihood of providing support during times of stress, and the self's interaction with those figures. Becomes a vital part of personality, serving as a guide for all future close relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
A laboratory procedure used to assess the quality of
attachment between 1 and 2 years of age by observing the baby’s responses to eight short episodes involving brief separations from and reunions with the caregiver in an unfamiliar playroom. |
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Term
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Definition
These infants use the parent as a secure base. When separated, they may or may not cry, but if they do, it is because the parent is absent and they prefer her to
the stranger. When the parent returns, they actively seek contact, and their crying is reduced immediately. (~60%). |
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Term
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Definition
| These infants seem unresponsive to the parent when she is present. When she leaves, they usually are not distressed, and they react to the stranger in much the same way as to the parent. During reunion, they avoid or are slow to greet the parent, and when picked up, they often fail to cling. (~15%). |
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Term
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Definition
| Before separation, these infants seek closeness to the parent and often fail to explore. When the parent leaves, they are usually distressed, and on her return they combine clinginess with angry, resistive behavior, struggling when held and sometimes hitting and pushing. Many continue to cry after being picked up and cannot be comforted easily. (~10%). |
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Term
| Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment |
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Definition
This pattern reflects the greatest insecurity. At
reunion, these infants show confused, contradictory behaviors—for example, looking away while the parent is holding them or approaching the parent with flat, depressed emotion. Most display a dazed facial expression, and a few cry out unexpectedly after having calmed down or display odd, frozen postures. (~15%). |
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Term
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Definition
An alternative method suitable for children between 1 and 4
years, depends on home observations. Either the parent or a highly trained observer sorts 90 behaviors into nine
categories ranging from “highly descriptive” to “not at all descriptive” of the child. Then a score, ranging from high to low in security, is computed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Responding promptly, consistently, and appropriately to infants and holding them tenderly and carefully. |
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Term
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Definition
| Separated the experiences of secure from insecure babies. Best described as a sensitively tuned "emotional dance" in which the caregiver responds to infant signals in a well-timed, rhythmic, appropriate fashion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Infants attempt to do things that their body size makes impossible. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to understand another’s emotional state and feel with that person, or respond emotionally in a similar way. |
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Term
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Definition
| Show clear awareness of caregivers’ wishes and expectations and can obey simple requests and commands. |
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Term
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Definition
| Waiting for an appropriate time and place to engage in a tempting act. |
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