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| the smallest unit of life, consisting of an outer membrane enclosing a watery medium containing organic molecules, includng genetic material composed of DNA |
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| cells are the basic structural unit for all organisms. Cells are small compartments that hold the biological equipment necessary to keep an organism alive and successful. Living things may be single-celled or they may be very complex such as a human being. |
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| selectively permeable boundary for entry and exit of nutrients and wastes where some important enzyme activity is found.might be made from proteins or a substance called chitin |
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| membrane bound organelle of eukaryotic cells, storage site of genetic information, the site of DNA replication and its transcription to RNA. acts like the brain of the cell. It helps control eating, movement, and reproduction. |
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| complex, has membrane bound organelles, ribosomes, a cell membrane, a nucleus & chloroplasts. ex: plants, animals, fungi.have an organized nucleus with a nuclear envelope. They have a "brain" for the cell. They have a discreet area where they keep their DNA. usually have organelles. They might have mitochondria, maybe a chloroplast, or some endoplasmic reticulum. They have parts that work to make the cell a self-sufficient organism. |
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| simple, free floating DNA, ex; bacteria. has a cell wall & ribosomes. no defined nucleus, DNA is clumped in an area but there is no organized nucleus with a membrane. do not usually have any organelles |
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provides shape to animal cells
region where many metabolic reactions occur |
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| a structure found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that performs a specific function; sometimes used to refer specifically to membrane bound structures such as the nucleus or ER |
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| a vesicle, often large, consisting of a single membrane enclosing a fluid filled space, storage of nutrients and water |
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| metabolism of materials ingested by endocytosis. hold enzymes that were created by the cell. The purpose of the lysosome is to digest things. They might be used to digest food or break down the cell when it dies. Lysosomes have enzymes that work in oxygen-poor areas and lower pH. |
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| in eukaryotes, a linear strand composed of DNA & protein, found in the nucleus of a cell, that contains the genes; in prokaryotes, a circular strand composed solely of DNA |
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| the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes |
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| a network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm that gives shape to a cell, holds & moves organelles, & is often involved in cell movement |
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| hollow, cylindrical strand found in eukaryotic cells, composed of the protein tubulin, part of the cytoskeleton used in movement of cell organelles, cell growth, and construction of cilia & flagella |
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| part of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells, composed of the protein actin & sometimes myosin; functions in the movement of cell organelles & in locomotion by extensionof the plasma membrane |
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| sites of protein synthesis during which RNA is translated into amino acids in a protein |
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smooth - transport system for liquids & nutrients in the cell
rough - surface on which ribosomes bind for protein synthesis.manufacturing and packaging system |
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| responsible for the secretion of waste products from the cell.apparatus gathers simple molecules and combines them to make molecules that are more complex. It then takes those big molecules, packages them in vesicles, and either stores them for later use or sends them out of the cell. It is also the organelle that builds lysosomes (cell digestion machines). Golgi complexes in the plant may also create complex sugars and send them off in secretory vesicles. The vesicles are created in the same way the ER does it. The vesicles are pinched off the membranes and float through the cell.series of membranes shaped like pancakes. The single membrane is similar to the cell membrane in that it has two layers. The membrane surrounds an area of fluid where the complex molecules (proteins, sugars, enzymes) are stored and changed. Because the Golgi complex absorbs vesicles from the rough ER, you will also find ribosomes in those pancake stacks. |
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| the region of the eukaryotic nucleus engaged in ribosome synthesis, consisting of the genes encoding ribosomal RNA, newly synthesized ribosomal RNA, & ribosomal proteins |
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| the double membrane system surrounding the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. The outer membrane is often continuous with the ER. |
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| site of photosynthesis - converting light energy to chemical energy (ATP) |
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| site of energy metabolism and synthesis of high energy ATP, organelle.has an outer and inner membrane. The outer membrane contains the mitochondrion parts. The inner membrane holds digestive enzymes that break down food. are known as the powerhouses of the cell. They are organelles that act like a digestive system which takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell. The biochemical processes of the cell are known as cellular respiration. Many of the reactions involved in cellular respiration happen in the mitochondria. Mitochondria are the working organelles that keep the cell full of energy. |
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| protects against mechanical and hypertonic stress, found in plants & prokaryotes.made of cellulose are only found around plant cells. Cell walls are made of specialized sugars called cellulose. Cellulose provides a protected framework for a plant cell to survive.help a plant keep its shape. While they do protect the cells, cell walls and cellulose also allow plants to grow to great heights. |
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| the basic structure of a cell membrane consisting of a double layer of phospholipid molecules. Cholesterol forms part of the lipid bilayer membrane that surrounds each cell in the body. |
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| allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by means of active or passive transport |
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| the net movement of particles from a region of high concentration of that particle to a region of low concentration, driven by the concentration gradient. May occur entirerly within a fluid or across a barrier such as a membrane. |
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| diffusion of molecules across a membrane, assisted by protein pores or carriers embedded in the membrane |
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| the diffusion of water across a differentially permeable membrane, usually down a concentration gradient of free water molecules. Water moves into the solution that has a lower free water concentration from the solution with the higher free water concentration |
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| require a lot of energy and pumping action.the movement of individual molecules across the cell membrane. The liquids inside and outside of cells have different substances. Sometimes a cell has to work and use some energy to maintain a proper balance of ions and molecules. |
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| the movement of material into a cell by a process in which the plasma membrane engulfs extracellular material, forming membrane bound sacs that enter the cytoplasm |
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| the movement of material out of a cell by a process in which intracellular material is enclosed within a membrane bound sac that moves to the plasma membrane & fuses with it, releasing the material outside the cell |
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| the number of particles of a dissolved substance in a given unit of volume |
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| a group of cells that together carry out a specific function |
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| means that cells must be shaped to perform specific functions in the context of the organism. The design and shape of a cell is very much dictated by its function and the conditions under which it works |
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| a structure (such as the liver, kidney, or skin) composed of two or more distinct tissue types that function together |
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| group of organs that work together and provide an organism with an advantage for survival. It is the most complex organization in your body and the final level of the progression from cells to tissues to organs and then systems. Systems work alone and with other systems to allow your body to maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis is a stable internal environment that allows you (and your cells) to survive. |
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