Term
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Definition
-location of their DNA is in the nucleoid (not membrane bound) and plasmids (small structures composed of DNA) are also found
-their internal membranes and organelles have extensive internal membranes only in photosynthetic species, and there are limited types and numbers of organelles
-their cytoskeleton is limited in extent (in relation to eukaryotes)
-their overall size is usually small relative to eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
-location of their DNA is inside the nucleus (which is membrane bound) and plasmids are extremely rare
-their internal membranes and organelles have large numbers of organelles and many different types
-their cytoskeleton is extensive- and is usually found throughout the volume of the cell
-their overall size is mostly larger than prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
-has a double membrane (inner contains enzymes for ATP production)
-is composed of enzymes that harvest energy from molecules to make ATP
-its major function is ATP production |
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Definition
-has a single membrane which contains protons pumps
-composed of acid hydrolases (which catalyze hydrolysis reactions)
-its main function is digestion and recycling |
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Definition
-has a double membrane plus membrane-bound sacs located in its interior
-composed of pigments and enzymes that use light energy to make sugars
-its main function is production of sugars via photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
-has a single membrane
-composed of various things (pigments, oils, carbohydrates, water, or toxins)
-its function varies (coloration, storage of oils, carbohydrates, water or toxins) |
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Term
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Definition
-has a single membrane
-its major function is the storage of nutrients (common in animal cells) |
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Definition
-has a single membrane
-its major function is to pump out water (common in protozoans) |
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Definition
-has no membrane
-is composed of a complex of RNA and proteins
-its main function is protein synthesis |
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Definition
-has a single membrane which contain receptors for entry of selected proteins
-is composed of a network of branching sacs and ribosomes associated
-main function is protein synthesis and processing |
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Definition
-has a single membrane which contain enzymes for synthesizing phospholipids
-composed of a network of branching sacs and enzymes for synthesizing or breaking down lipids
-major function is detoxification and lipid synthesis/processing |
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Term
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Definition
-has a single membrane which contain receptors for products of rough ER
-composed of a stack of flattened, distinct cisternae
-major function is protein, lipid, and carbohydrate processing |
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Term
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Definition
-has a single membrane which contains transporters for selected macromolecules
-composed of enzymes that catalyze oxidation reactions and catalase (which processes peroxide)
-major function is oxidation of fatty acids, ethanol, or other compounds |
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Term
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Definition
-forms strands of double helices (7nm)
-subunits made of actin
-their major functions are to maintain cell shape by resisting tension (pull), move cells via muscle contraction or cell crawling, divide animal cells in two, and move organelles and cytoplasm in plants, fungi, and animals |
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Term
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Definition
-forms fibers that are wound into thicker cables (10nm)
-subunits made of keratins, lamins, or others
-their major function is to maintain cell shape by resisting tension (pull), and anchor the nucleus and some other organelles |
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Term
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Definition
-form hollow tube (25nm)
-subunits made of alpha/beta-tubulin dimers
-their major functions are to maintain cell shape by resisting comprression (push), move cells via flagella or cilia, move chromosomes during cell division, assist formation of cell plate during plate cell division, move organelles, and provide tracks for intracellular transport |
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Term
| What type of cytoskeletal fiber is keratin? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
"liquid like substance that fills the cell"
-the fluid portion of the cytoplasm, excluding the contents of membrane-enclosed organelles |
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Term
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Definition
"cytosol in suspended organelles, everything in the cell except the nucleus"
-all of the contents of a cell, excluding the nucleus, bounded by the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| the interior space of any hollow structure (e.g., the rough ER) or organ (e.g., the lungs) |
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Definition
| spherical membranous compartment; delivers proteins to Golgi apparatus and other organelles |
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Term
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Definition
-has two membranes called the nuclear envelope
-DNA all spread out, twisted and compacted
-Pores are approximately 60 nm in diameter and because these pores extend through both the inner and outer nuclear membranes, they connect the inside of the nucleus with the cytosol (ex: RNA) |
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Term
| Describe the path for a protein that starts off being synthesized by a ribosome on the surface of the ER, but is eventually secreted by the cell |
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Definition
-The protein enters the ER while being synthesized by the ribosome and is processed; one or more carbohydrate groups are often added
-The protein exits the ER inside a vesicle, and travels to the cis face of the Golgi apparatus
-The protein enters the Golgi apparatus and is processed as the cisterna matures
-The protein exits the Golgi apparatus in a vesicle and moves to the plasma membrane once its cisterna has matured and has moved to the trans face |
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Term
| For a protein that leaves the Golgi at the trans Golgi face, how does the protein get to its specific final destination (i.e. lysosome vs. plasma membrane vs. return to ER) |
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Definition
| It is transported by a vesicle |
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Term
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Definition
"cell eating"
form of nutrition for cell
large particles are engulfed
1) detection
2) phagosome (food vacuole) formation
3) delivery to lysosome and digestion
4) small molecules receycled |
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Term
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Definition
processed used to remove/digest damaged part of organelles
1) damaged organelles surrounded by membrane
2) delivery to lysosome
3) small molecules recycled |
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Term
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis steps |
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Definition
-macromolecules bind to receptors
-endocytic vesicle fuses with early endosome; protons lower pH
-early endosome matures; digestive enzymes received
-mature lysosome, macromolecules digested |
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Term
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Definition
"cell drinking"
steps are same as phagocytosis except with a liquid |
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Term
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Definition
| a motor protein; often "walks" toward plus ends of actin filaments |
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Term
| Processes mediated by actin and myosin |
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Definition
Cytokinesis (in animals)
Cytoplasmmic streaming (in plants)
Muscle contractions |
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Term
| Microtubules are assembled by.... |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: In microtubules, the plus ends are toward the periphery of the cell (outside) and the minus ends are anchored into the cell |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| motor protein that “walk” along microtubules; typically moves toward plus ends of microtubules; gets energy from ATP; cells expand in fish |
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Term
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Definition
| motor protein that “walks” along microtubules; typically moves toward the minus ends of microtubules; gets energy from ATP; cells compact in fish |
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Term
| All motor proteins use ____ as a source of energy |
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Definition
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Term
| What are eukaryotic cilia and flagella? |
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Definition
| Microtubule based motility organelles |
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Term
| Common traits in eukaryotic cilia and flagella |
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Definition
both aid in movement
have similar axoneme (inside) structure |
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Term
| Differences between eukaryotic cilia and flagella |
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Definition
Flagellas whip back and forth
Cilia bend
Different lengths
Cilia many in number
Flagella few in number |
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Term
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Definition
| Nine outer doublet (pairs) of microtubules and central pair of microtubules |
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Term
| T/F: When dynein "walks," one microtubule is the track while the other is cargo, but since they are linked together it causes a bend, this bend repeats and ultimately it moves |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following accurately describes a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? |
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Definition
| Eukaryotic cells are generally larger than prokaryotic cells |
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Term
| Three attributes of mitochondria and chloroplasts that suggest they were once free living bacteria |
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Definition
-They have their own small, circular chromosomes
-They produce their own ribosomes
-They divide in a manner that is similar to bacterial fission, independent of cellular division |
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Term
| Molecular zip codes direct molecules to particular destinations in the cell. How are these signals read? |
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Definition
| They bind to receptor proteins |
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Term
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Definition
-Bound by a plasma membrane
-Filled with cytoplasm
-Carry their genetic information (DNA) in chromosomes
-Contain ribosomes (the site of protein synthesis) |
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Term
| T/F: Some prokaryotes have oraganelles not found in plants or animals, such as magnetite-containing structure. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Have chloroplasts
Have vacuoles
Have a cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
| contain lysosomes and lack a cell wall |
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Term
| Describe how vesicles move in a directed manner between organelles of the endomembrane system. Explain why this movement requires ATP. |
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Definition
| Polarized cytoskeletal filaments (microtubules or microfilaments) are present between the organelles. End-directed motor proteins use ATP to move these transport vesicles between them |
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Term
| Movement of a secreted protein from its site of synthesis to the outside of a eukaryotic cell |
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Definition
| 1)ribosome in cytoplasm (signal is synthesized) 2) ribosome at rough ER (protein is completed, folded and glycosylated) 3) transport vesicle 4) Golgi apparatus (protein is processed; has molecular zip code indicating destination) 5) Transport vesicle 6) Plasma membrane 7) Extracellular space |
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