Term
|
Definition
| system of communicating w/ others using signals that convey meaning & are combined according to rules of grammar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than random noise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smallest meaningful unit of language, one syllable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
set of rules that specifies how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages
-rules of morphology, syntax |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how early can infants distinguish btwn all possible sounds in human speech? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when parents use direct speech in which they speak slowly + exaggerate changes in pitch + volume |
|
|
Term
| when do infants begin cooing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when do toddlers begin babbling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when do children incoorporate changes in pitch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what age do children usually say their first word? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At age 2, how many words do children know? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At age 6, how many words do children know? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fact that children can map a word onto an underlying concept after oly a single exposure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when children leave out some words of a sentence, 18 months |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| imitation + reinforcement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| language is an innate, biological capacity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Language Acquisition Device
collection of processes that facilitate language learning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence |
|
|
Term
| interactionist explanations |
|
Definition
social interactions play a crucial role in language
deaf children in Nicaragua develop sign language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for production of sequential patters in vocal + sign language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for comprehension of vocal + sign languages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder involving the difficulty in producing or comprehending language |
|
|
Term
| category-specific deficit |
|
Definition
neurological syndrome characterized by inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category while leaving the ability to recognize objects outside the category undisturbed
(depends on where brain is damaged) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we make categorical judgements by comparing new instances to a category's prototype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "best" or "most typical" member of a category |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we make category judgments by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the category |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, then multiplying the 2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when people think that 2 events are more likely to occur together than individually (Leah majors in political science. She is a banker.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased or framed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses + avoid risks when evaluating potential gains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mental ability that enables people to direct their thinking, adapt to their circumstances, + learn from their experiences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(person's mental age)
/ *100
(mental age) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(person's test score)
/ *100
(avg score, same age) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do intelligent people do during conversation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Spearman
a statistical technique that explains a large # of correlations in terms of a small # of underlying factors |
|
|
Term
| two-factor theory of intelligence |
|
Definition
| every task requires a combo of a general ability and skills that are specific to the task |
|
|
Term
primary mental abilities
(by who? |
|
Definition
Thurstone
(low to high)
specific factors, group factors, general factors |
|
|
Term
8 independent middle-level abilities
(by who?) |
|
Definition
1. memory + learning
2. visual perception
3. auditory perception
4. retrieval ability
5. cognitive speediness
6. processing speed
7. crystallized intelligence
8. fluid intelligence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| crystallized intelligence |
|
Definition
| the accuracy and amount of info available for processing |
|
|
Term
3 kinds of intelligence
(by who?) |
|
Definition
Sternberg
analytical, creative, + practical intelligence |
|
|
Term
8 kinds of intelligence
(by who?) |
|
Definition
Gardner
1. linguistic
2. logical-mathematical
3. spatial
4. musical
5. body-kinesthetic
6. interpersonal
7. intrapersonal
8. naturalistic intelligences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normal intelligence with an extraordinary ability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low intelligence w/ an extraordinary ability |
|
|
Term
| Who suggests that intelligence is inherited? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that produce improvements in the psychological processes that underlie intelligent behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| avg intelligence test scores have been rising .3% every year |
|
|
